Criticism on the Novel Essay Example for Free

Criticism on the Novel EssayNature setting are explicit rogue 30 When I was active fifteen years old we had retired to our house near Belrive, when we witnessed a most violent and terrible thunderstorm. It advanced from behind the mountains of Jura, and the thunder burst at erst with frightful loudness from various quarters of the heavens. I remained with curiosity and delight. As I stood at the door, on a beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from our house and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nonhing remained but a blasted stump. It was not splintered from the shock, but entirely rock-bottom to thin ribbons of wood.Foreshadowing? power of electricity sparks his attention, if it can destroy something so quickly, why cant it bring dead flesh to life?Scientific descriptions want important informationPage 48 It was already one in the morning the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the twinkle of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs.We see how she was a poet in this quote she gives more descriptions of the surroundings than the scientific aspect of which many people long for. Obviously shows the lack of knowledge displayed by Mary Shelly.Countries are shut togetherShows once again how much knowledge Mary Shelly had regarding geography. It sparks attention when she says that it takes longer to go from Geneva to Ingolstadt (a total of 413.6 miles) than it is to go to England.Monster has superhuman abilities merely he is made from human partsPage 70 I thought of pursuing the devil, but it would have been in vain, for another flash notice him to me hanging among the rocks of the nearly perpendicular ascent of Mont Saleve, a hill that bounds Plainpalais on the south. He soon reached the summit and disappeared.Stereotyping of the Turkish and Irish peopleIf Franken stein had already created a monster, why did he need help from some other scientists for the creation of another monster?Page 153 I found that I could not compose a female without again devoting several months to profound study and laborious disquisition. I had heard of some discoveries having been made by an English philosopher, he knowledge of which was material to my success The Monster tells Frankenstein how hes survived mobs throwing rocks and several other projectiles and such, yet Frankenstein never stops trying to think he can kill the monster.Page 206 the monster whom I had created, the miserable demon whom I had sent abroad into the world for my destruction. I was possessed by a maddening rage when I thought of him, and desired and ardently prayed that I might have him within my grasp to wreak a great and signal revenge on his deuced head.All quotes from Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

The Lululemon marketing plan for 2010 Essay Example for Free

The Lululemon tradeing plan for 2010 EssayIntroductionThe Lululemon marketing plan for 2010 takes recommendations and goals for the Lululemon brand, as easy as goals for the newly proposed anthropoid brand outmost Muscle. master(prenominal) objectives include Introduce young-begetting(prenominal) Brand Outer MuscleoTarget Educated Physic totallyy Active MaleoPrice manly brand similarly to Lululemon brand, theatrical role more-for-more pricing. oPositioned as laid- spur-price Yoga/Exercise App areloIncreased advertising at beginning of Life cycle, reducing advertising with age. Continue with Current Lululemon StrategyoRetain exclusivity of brandoContinue use of Prestige priceoLittle to no promotionoVery little advertisingoPersist with period marketing strategy for tween brand Ivivva Increase Brand Awarenesso2% increase in advertising reckonoSponsorship of events, increased Philanthropy work, and outreach within residential districtTarget MarketLululemons current primar y get market is the Active Young-thinking Woman. Women who are appearance-conscious, physically fit/ nimble, well educated, aged 16-45, in the upper to middle class and residing in North America. Lululemon is using a niche marketing strategy, going subsequently a rattling narrowly defined market segment, in which they have had great success. This niche market will re main the primary tail market in 2010 however Lululemon will also begin to target the Pre-teen girl market with the Ivivva brand, and the manlike market with the Outer Muscle brand. Lululemon already has a male clothing line, and has been trying to gain a part of the male-workout market for a while now.In 2010 Lululemon will use product get downment, introducing Outer Muscle as a new male clothing brand, made with the same commitment to quality as Lululemon. This new brand will cater to a male target market similar to Lululemons female Active Young-thinking Woman. This target market will be the Educated Physica lly Active Male will target educated males, who are appearance-conscious, physically fit/active, aged 16-45, residing in North America.This multi-brands branding strategy will allow Lululemon to market to pre-teen girls who whitethorn non be adequate to(p) to identify with the more-mature Lululemon brand, as well as to male consumers who would not be prone to shop at Lululemon, due to its over-positioned reputation as a female clothing company. Pricing strategy will come about to be a more-for-more value proposition within all brands of the company. Each constituent of the marketing strategy serves to ensure that Lululemons position in the mind of the consumer is not changed, while they venture into new target markets. setLululemon is presently positioned as a gritty quality, exclusive, yoga and sporting apparel company. In many ways Lululemon is over-positioned as a strictly female company, which is why in 2010 they will use multi-branding to address the male market. In using the proposed promotion strategy and advertisements, Lululemon will not change their current position significantly, but instead further differentiate themselves from competition in already established values.It would be a mistake for Lululemon to try to adopt lower prices having traditionally differentiated their products using more-for-more differentiation. By continuing to position them self as high-quality, high-price clothing, Lululemon can gain more customer loyalty, and ensure that they do not lose their image of master copy quality.Lululemon will continue to uphold the highest quality stalemateards for its products and position the male brand as high-priced, high quality clothing. Both brands will differentiate themselves from their main competition by catering to the yoga/exercise market, as compared to competitors addressing the daily-life fashion market, and the sporting apparel market.Pricing StrategyValue Added Pricing Lululemon uses this pricing strategy when creati ng their apparel. kind of than cutting costs and making a lower quality product, they add extra features much(prenominal) as adjustable straps and womens pockets to differentiate themselves from their competitors as well as tending their target market justify spending more money on their products. Prestige Pricing Even though Lululemon clothing is not comparable to a Rolex or Louis Vuitton purse, it is prestigious and exclusive in its product category.This is what Lulus target market loves about their brand. Its high quality not found in every city and mall, fashion forward and represents a healthy, well off lifestyle. These approaches to pricing are visibly successful in like a shots economy. Even throughout the recent recession Lulu managed to maintain a profitable company, expanding their interpose count while creating expensive, high-end workout apparel. Changing their target market to accommodate the middle class to lower income demographic could be detrimental to Luluss uccess.Creating a cheaper line of clothing or leveling down products to barters items would lessen the exclusivity of Lululemon, which could then effect the current target markets perception of the brand. Recommendations for the pricing of the mens brand we suggested earlier, is to keep prices relatively high but yet great quality and options for different features and different size options. This will follow the common theme Lulu has instilled in their customers and will help differentiate themselves from other competitors such as Nike and Adidas who thrive in the mens athletic intermit market.Distribution StrategyLululemon stores are not determined on every street corner in every metropolitan area or large city. They base their distribution strategy more on the lines of exclusive opposed to intensive distribution, therefore stores can be found in cities across Canada and the United States where the desired target market is represented by similar and correlating demographics.L ululemon stores have a very welcoming atmosphere full of friendly faces and have an earthy feel too them. shadbushs store is located downtown where all the great shopping lies which makes it a one stop shopping trip for Lulu customers, who can do it all once entering Saskatoons downtown area.Its location provides great convenience for their target market, which includes working, high-class women and young university students who live active lifestyles. Specialty store Lululemon carries yoga stimulate apparel for healthy lifestyles, which could be categorized as a narrow product line. However, within this line is a deep assortment of active weather that can be used for many sports and activities, for all shapes and sizes. Franchise In Saskatoon the Lululemon is privately owned.This creates the opportunity for the franchisee to do the hiring and management of his or her employees to the best of their superpower. For instance, the franchisee for Saskatoons Lululemon puts on an a nnual sale that is not administered by the franchisor. It allows Lulu customers from all over to merge in Regina for a three day sale of extremely marked down product from previous seasons. Recommendations for the mens brand would be to open new stores beside the existing Lululemons. This would offer a crash entrance and atmosphere for men to enter in hope that it will eliminate thestereotype men have with Lululemon stores.Product StrategyMany of the components of Lululemons product and branding strategy are well suited for the target market of the company and will be maintained. Others will be altered in 2010 to increase product differentiation and brand awareness.Lululemon has a wide product line. This product line is available in a wide range of colors, designs, and patterns that stand out and are updated often. This allows Lululemon to remain attractive to their target market of fashionable women. These women want to stand out as trendy and unique, and because of this, the comp any will continue to regularly create many different styles to cater to them.The company will focus more attention on mens clothing, but at a lower place a new brand. This strategy will be explained further under branding strategies. The current product mix will be modified. Currently it is very broad with few focal points. In 2010, Lululemon will not be offering bags, such as luggage, and backpacks, or work-out accessories. This strategy will give them the ability to focus more on the mens brand.The tween brand, Ivivva, was implemented in fall 2009. This brand will offer products for those from the ages 6-12. Lululemon will continue to promote and develop this brand but in addition, new products will be developed including attire for activities such as dancing and ballet, figure skating, and swimming.Lululemon will maintain their current packaging tactics involving the use of shopping bags and price tags. The bags are reusable, stylish, and inspirational. The tags that are found o n each item are very informative, containing the directions and uses of the product. Both methods are useful and are appropriate for their well-educated target market. Since this packaging approach fits the need of the current target market so well,Lululemon should continue with this strategy.Currently, the services of Lululemon include free alterations. Lululemon will continue to offer this courtesy. The company will also be offering various classes such as yoga and pilates.Branding StrategyLululemon is currently branded as a high quality and prestigious brand. The company should still be positioned as such, but will become much more distinct. Currently, Hoopla is a competitor especially since the clothing styles and branding are so similar. To differentiate itself, Lululemon will alter the logo that they place on their clothing. The stays or the hem of the clothing will feature a small inspirational message plus the Lululemon logo. Some of these messages include dance, sing, flos s, and travel and breathe deeply. This characteristic will make Lululemon stand out, as well as add a unique component to each item. This uniqueness will court to the target market.In addition, a new brand will be implemented under Lululemon in 2010 for mens wear. The name of this brand is Outer Muscle. The logo is derived from the lower case Greek symbol theta, which will coincide nicely with the Greek Lululemon logo omega. Theta represents a mathematical tool associate with angle, so Outer Muscles slogan will be Get the perfect angle on your work-out.This brand will be targeting educated and active men in the same age category as Lululemons target market. Outer Muscle will also be positioned as high priced, high quality, and trendy. The branding strategy used is multi-branding because a new brand is being developed with existing products. Now, the mens wear and womens wear will be separated.Advertising and Promotion Strategy (IMC)Lululemons advertising and promotion strategy will mostly be maintained, with a few modifications. Currently, Lululemon advertises through their reusable bags, through word of mouth, and through a few events. Also, theirlogo is found on each product and they are advertised in a one page spread in the University of Saskatchewan handbook.Their strategy of involving very little integrated and marketing communications (IMC) makes Lululemon an exclusive and prestigious brand. Having few sales or promotions adds to the exclusivity and value of the brand. Since this strategy is appropriate for the target market that wants to appear distinct, and privileged, it will be maintained.One alteration is the addition of more public relations by being involved in more events. By sponsoring athletic events and events at the University, the company will not only be noticed by their target market, but be seen as an ethical and respectable company. The company will also be sponsoring events such as the Breast Cancer Walk and put across For Life, whic h will also help the companys image. Due to the upcoming Olympics, Lululemon will be sponsoring the athletes with swag bags that include water bottles, headbands, workout gear, and lounge gear.An inducement will be added for shoppers in 2010. An events card will be distributed to customers. This card is a punch card. After purchasing $500 of merchandise, the consumer will be able to attend a free athletic class that is offered by Lululemon. By offering events instead of discounts or bonuses as rewards, the company will still be seen as highly prestigious.To promote the new brand, Outer Muscle, the IMC budget will be increased from approximately 1% of total profits to 3%. Strategies such as sponsoring athletic teams, online advertising, and advertising in athletic magazines will be executed. Once Outer Muscle occupies 25% of the market share for mens athletic yoga/exercise apparel and has been established as a competitor to brands such as Under Armour, the IMC budget will be reduced back to 1%. It will be reduced to become an exclusive and prestigious brand like Lululemon.ConclusionIn conclusion to achieve our main goalsAddressing the male marketPreserving exclusivity of LululemonIncreasing Brand AwarenessLululemon will make use of multi-branding introducing the new brand Outer Muscle targeted towards the male market. They will continue the use of more-for-more prestige pricing to retain their exclusive image. Finally they will increase their budget for advertising/promotions, with a heavy emphasis on philanthropy and community outreach, to further increase brand awareness and distinguish Lululemon from competitors.

The impact of the first world war on international relations in the decade after 1918 Essay Example for Free

The impact of the first world war on planetary relations in the disco biscuit after 1918 EssayIn the f any of 1918, the allied forces won victorious on all fronts. An Armistice ended the fighting on November 11th 1918.During the intravenous feeding years of war between 1914 and 1918 there were immeasurable devastations, which left no aspect of civilization untouched. It was described by German General Erich Ludendorff as totalistic war1 with human casualties, social consequences and economic consequences.These consequences made confederate leaders to meet in Paris from January through June 1919to draft peace of mind terms so that such wars should not happen in future. 2In order to achieve this, they agreed in creation of unsanded world order to replace the four great Empires and action expectations that this could be a worldwide settlement and would be permanent. Because of the devastations this war inflicted on humanity, nations were eager to form relations to avoid th e future world war. This essay therefrom attempts to look at factors that contributed to intertheme relations, as seen by the new world order which was substitution to the fear of Bolshevism and autocratic government and the leaders during the middle 1920s.One of the agendas at the Peace Conference was the creation of multinational order to replace the four great empires. These were the German, Russian, the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman, that had previously structured Central Europe, the Balkans and the principle of self determination so as to liberate the wrongly supposed aspirations of nationality groups, whose struggles for independence was a cause also to war.3 Some new states which were created are Estonia, Latria, Lithuania, and new Poland. aft(prenominal) assuring their own stability in the summer of 1919, these nations were to act according to General Rudiger Vonder Goltz as the fluid borderlands of Eastern Europe.Apart from gaining their own independence, these nations were to help slay border conflicts that would have emerged between German and Russia. This is true when one examines Lenins reasons for accepting the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which was for the benefit of Bolsheviks. He essentialed the Bolsheviks to gain peace so that there could have been a time to organize and strengthen itself within Russia.4Frankly speaking, the Russians were not happy with it and it was very likely that they would reclaim their land as seen by Stalins aims of recouping some of the Rest Russias 1917 losses in the summer of 1940.5Apart from states that were created between the borders of Germany and Russia, there were also other states created from Austria, Hungary and Ottoman Empire. These states are Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Croatia and Yugoslavia. One of the aims of Paris Conference was to charter secret diplomacy and give way to free and open discussions to global issues. In this way, the beneficent influence of the public opinion would b e taken return of, and secretive intrigues of Imperialistically inclined national leaders would have their rows minimized.6 Although there was this advantage, some states created by the Peace Settlements made little economic sense. For example the new countries of Austria and Hungary, which were miniature ad weak and unable to support themselves.They had most of their population, resources and markets. Austrias largely German population had wanted to unite with Germany, but the Peace treaties forbid that Union.7This was because the peacemakers did not want German to gain territory after the war. On the broader view, these problems cemented the descent between powerful states (like Britain and France) with these smaller states in that there was dependability between these states. For example in the case of France whose major eastern ally since 1892, Russia materially weak and politically hostile, Frenchs security needs would be doubly served against Germany and against Bolsheviks. 8The other reason for new international order was that all internal political institutions of Europe would be democratized so as to remove autocratic constraints on public opinion that had permitted the ruling elites of the central powers to wage their war of aggression. For example, the Reichstag (German Parliament) was to be elected by universal suffrage and proportional, and the government was made responsible to it. The President was to be directly elected by the people in U.S.A and he was given wide emergency powers. The first elected President was Albert.9 In Constantinople where the allied military administered until the treaty of Sevres, which guaranteed the Greeks to stay in Turkey for fie years until it was democratized.10 Although the Sultan was ready to accept the treaty term, Turkish nationalities werenot.This is what led to nationalism led by veteran General Mustafa Kemal backed allied assistance to demand the retention by Turkey, of all territory inhabited by an Ottom an Moslem majority and to capitulate. General Mustafas primary(prenominal) aim was to metamorphose Turkey from Asiatic into a European country. By Europeanizing, it meant that Turkey was to democratize its all institutions in accordance to Britain or France. Because of these ideas of modernizing Turkey, she stood on a good relationship with her neighbors (Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia) who formed a common front to combat fascist threat as it was increasing.11From this it can be said the new international implemented by the League, of free and independent nations empowered to solve disputes by negotiation and compromise in the process maintaining international relations and peace.Another factor that made the nations to pass together after the First World War was the fear of Bolshevism. By 1917,protracted war was producing revolutionary strains on all the belligerent countries. For example, in Russia, they could no continuing contain the pressures of war weariness, social conflic t and national separitism. These were the reasons, which made Lenin to organize the Bolsheviks who overthrew the provisional government in what is comm altogether known as the October revolution of 1917.12 In the years that followed, there was a civil war from 1918 to 1920.In this civil war the Allied forces actively supported the Mensheviks, though they never took direct combat roles in this war.The unsuccessfulness of the Mensheviks was because they were disorganized and that workers who believed that the allied forces were helping the Mensheviks so that they should maintain that old system of landlords and tenants did not support them. Because of their disorganization and little support they received from workers, the Bolsheviks used this weakness, successfully won, and established themselves. The triumph of the Bolsheviks created a second European center of attraction and aspiration. There was fear of Bolshevisms and this made premier Clemenceau to understand that a harsh peace with Germany would spread Bolshevism into Germany.13 Even though the relationship between Germany and the Allied nations was not good during this termination of time, there were also some Germans who were asked by Allied nations to volunteer themselves under Rudiger Vonder Goltz to remain in the borderlands of Eastern European 1919.These acted as de facto allies of the western powers against Bolsheviks.14From this, it can be deduced that the fear of the Bolsheviks was bringing nations together. fit to historians, the first five years after the war were years of hostility between Allied nations and Germany. Because of these Bolsheviks, Germany even volunteered herself to work hand in hand with Allied nations to avoid spread of Communism. This shows that despite the hostility that was there, they all had a common enemy to fight against and this eventually brought them close to the Allied nations.The change in leadership helped to ease international tensions which were there before 1 924.The period between1918 and 1924 can be described as a period of tensions which would have disturbed the relationship among nations in the aftermath of world war One. There were problems that arose from the Paris Peace settlements and the League of Nations struggled to sort out the problems. For example, Turkey and Italy were dissatisfied with their treatment. The Turkish people were prepaid to hold water the settlement because of huge territorial losses. The Italians who later came under the rule of Mussolini in1922, showed their resentment by seizing Fiume, which was previously given to Yugoslavia.15 The problems in school principals can be attributed to leaders who shaped the Peace Conferences in work as a national and self-interest of principal victors. Premier GeorgesClemenceau, in particular represented France with bemoan awareness that his people had withstood the worst of the Allied war effort and must withstand the worst of enforcing the peace terms on the continent o f Europe. He was impelled that the peace terms should favor the French.16To prove that the peace conference was for their self-interest (victorious nations), the defeated powers were not invited during the drafting of the peace terms, for there was a role that called merely for signing of the completed documents. Because some nations were not consulted but were forced to sign, some commentators have described it as a dictated, not negotiated peace.Furthermore, when Germany raised the question of Moratorium after experiencing greater inflation of the currency, just after the first payment, a partial of it was granted. When she attempted to make her revised payments, the mark again sank and she requested a moratorium on all cash payments until January 1925.Because the then leaders were not ready to help each other, the reparations problem for a time ceased to be merely a question between Allied forces and Germany and resolved itself into a diplomatic conflict between the British and French government.The problems arise because Britain wanted Germany to regain her prosperity and with it, her ability to buy British commodity and improve her economy.While France wanted immediate reparations to resolve the region which was devastated by the war, she believed that Germanys fiscal difficulties were chiefly caused by its bad administration of finance and by bad faith of her nationals who were deliberately evading taxation and sending millions of dollars in gold and security out of the country. Because of these differences and their uncompromising attitude, a conference was called and it was held at Genoa in April 1922to discuss world economic problems and to try to get the Soviet Union to repay tsarist debts to Allied nations.( ) Because of Frances attitude towards Germany at the Conference, it helped to push the two main outsider nations Weimer Germany and Soviet Russia into each others arms, hence Rapallo treaty between Russia and Germany.Come the second half of 1 920s, there was a general improvement in the International atmosphere caused partly by a change in political leadership. In France, Edouard Herriot and Foreign Minister Aristide Briand, in Britain, Ramsy Mac Donald, and in Germany, Gustar Streetman came to power and all were keen to improve their relations. The result of this was Dawes plan. It was formed in London in 1924 and it was an attempt to break the dreadlock. Because leaders were eager to reconcile, they agreed that Germany should pay annually only what she could reasonably afford until she became more prosperous. Apart from the European leaders mentioned above, who were eager to reconcile, U.S.A. was also willing to help and it was in fact America, which granted loan of 800,000,000 (eight snow million) gold marks to Germany.( )In1925, came the most important one in which Germany, France and Belgium promised to respect that joint frontiers.Thus, if one of the three broke the harmony, Britain and Italy would assist the sta te that was being attacked. This agreement was greeted with wild enthusiasm all over Europe and the reconciliation between France and Germany was referred to as the Locarno honeymoon( )The most significant feature of the Locarno agreements was the spirit of hope they had awakened in Europe. In heady mood, the major European State, U.S and Japan (with other countries totaling 65), included with the Kellogg-Briand Pact on August 27th, 1928.The signatories promised to renounce war as an instrument of national policy, ( )although no means of enforcing this promise were included in the pact.It is also sufficed to note that the dying out of tensions in Europe not only encouraged international relations, but also economic boom in these European states. Long at last, European states returned to normal.This essay has assessed the impact of world war one on international relations. Among other things, international relations were disturbed by the Peace settlements.Some nations were not happy with the terms of the Versailles treaty. However, despite this, other factors helped to cement the relations. These were the new world order, fear of Bolsheviks and change of leadership during the second half of 1920s.Governments continued to deal with each other in secret and the interest of the states (as perceived by each, of course) continued to be the driving force of international relations. The First World War had nevertheless profoundly and permanently altered foreign relations. The tensions relaxed and a period of calm and prosperity followed in the late 1920s.END NOTES1.World Book Encyclopedia (1994) (W-X-Y-Z) Vol 21, PG 4692. Paxton. R. Europe in the Twentieth atomic number 6 4th Ed (London Harcourt college publishers) pg 1573. Ibid pg 1584. Curtis, M. Western European Integration (New York Harpers and Row) pg 15. Roberts J.M. Europe 1888-1945 (London Longman, 1967) PG 1646.Ibid PG 1657.Paxton, R. O. Europe in the Twentieth Century. Pg 4618.MR. Jawali. Class Lecturer. Oc tober 20049.World Book Encyclopedia. Pg 46810. Paxton.R.D. Europe in the Twentieth Century11Cornwell R.D. World floor In the Twentieth Century (Harlow Longman) 198312.Ibid pg 4213.Benns .F.L. Europe since 1914 (London Murry Publishers) 1967, pg 407-41014.Curtis M.Western European Integration pg 12615. Paxton R.O. Europe in the Twentieth Century. Pg16316.Ibid 16417. Mr. Jawali Class Lecturer18.Paxton R.O.Europe in the Twentieth Century pg 18719.Benns.F.L. Europe since 1914 pg 16320.Lowe N. Mastering Modern World History (London Macmillan Press LTD.) Pg 4521.Ibid pp56-5822.Paxton R.O. Europe In the Twentieth Century. Pg 19023.Lowe N. Mastering Modern World History. Pg 45BibliographyBenns, F Lee (1967). EUROPE SINCE 1914. London MurryBowle, J (1958) THE CONCISE ENYCLOPEADIA OF WORLD HISTORYCornwell R.D. (1983) WORLD HISTORY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Harlow LongmanCurtis M, (1965) WESTERN EUROPEAN desegregation (New York Harpers and Row LTD)Lowe, N. (1997) MASTERINNG MORDEN WORLD HIST ORY (London Macmillan press)PAXTON, R.O. (2002) EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.(London Harcourt college)World BookEncyclopeadia (W-X-Y-Z) 1981 (New York scottfetzer co.)

Exploring The Practice Of Supervision

Exploring The Practice Of SupervisionSupervision is the practice where a proponent green goddess talk to a professional who is train to identify any psychological or behavioural changes in the counsellor that could be due to an inability to cope with issues presented by clients. A supervisor is likewise responsible for challenging practices and procedures, developing improved or different techniques, and informing clients of alternative theories and/or new practices, as well as industry changes. The ancillary and educative process of supervision is aimed toward assisting supervisees in the application of focussing theory and techniques to client problems (Bernard Goodyear, 2009).Supervision is a usually a regular, formal arrangement for counsellors to wrangle their run short with someone who is experienced in counselling and supervision. The task is to work together to vouch and develop the efficiency of the counsellor/client relationship, maintain competent standards of c ounselling and a method of consultancy to widen the horizons of an experienced practitioner (ACA, 2009).Aim of SupervisionGenerally, supervision has two primary goals to monitor client c atomic number 18 and ensure clients are receiving appropriate therapeutic counselling, and to enhance professional functioning (Bernard Goodyear, 2009).Supervision pass ons benefits for counsellors such as persist, an opportunity to disc everywhere new ideas and strategies, as well as personal and professional development. A nonher benefit in addition to counsellor support and development is reading across the professional lifespan of counsellors life immense scholarship (Borders Usher, 1992).The intention of supervision is to provide a means of support, and ongoing learning and professional development for counsellors who frequently work with difficult and stressful cases. This serves to stop excess stress and burnout (Haynes, Corey, Moulton, 2003).The educational and encouraging role of the supervisor focuses on creating a secure setting where the supervisee can reflect on their work, get feedback, direction, appraise their capabilities and pass on greater understanding well-nigh their work, clients and themselves with the aim of protecting the client and offering best possible counselling practices (Powell, 1993).In order to promote counsellor development supervision quests to take place in a safe and appropriate environment. To achieve this, as in a counselling session, empathy, openness, and affirmative regard are essential (Egan, 2007). Both parties must also trust in the integrity and honesty of the other.An ethical framework is necessary to promote this trust, and on that point should be an appreciation of the importance of the supervision process, which reduces the pressure on the counsellor to produce an outcome at the cost of the process and the working relationship.The ethical principals of counselling are intended as a guide and framework for the re sponsibilities of counsellors showing consideration for the trust of participants, respecting their independence, committing to the promotion of the well-being of all participants and at a minium, to do no harm, to respect each idiosyncratic and treat everyone justly and without bias, and seeking professional development (Egan, 2007).The obligation to work ethically impart improve provision and the reception of services, and allow opportunities for development for both(prenominal) parties to take place. The supervisor has a responsibility to ensure that confidentiality is maintained, and any information obtained in a clinical or consulting relationship is discussed only for professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned with the case (ACA, 2009).Different modalitys of evaluating the supervisory process can be eventful both for the supervisor and the supervisee. Establishing a contract for the supervisory relationship makes evaluation easier. The contract should include the students developmental needs, the supervisors competencies, and supervisory goals and methods (Stoltenberg Delworth, 1987). Ground rules set up at the run short are important to clarify the expectations of the supervisor as well as the supervisee, and that the responsibility for success of the process rests with both parties. As part of the contract it is important to discuss what can and cant stay confidential. Throughout the supervision process, the supervisor is responsible for evaluating the quality of the supervisory relationship (Powell, 1993).Occasionally things happen between a supervisor and supervisee that has nothing to do with the individuals themselves, still with what and who the person reminds them of. Feelings can be transferred from other associations onto the supervisor. Also the feelings a supervisor may experiences towards a supervisee can be linked to experiences and associations in the early(prenominal). In order to ensure the safety of both par ties the practitioners must subscribe to a set code of practice and ethics (Powell, 1993). ain ExperienceMy personal experience of supervision has for the well-nigh part been very general, discussing casework and looking for feedback, ideas and strategies, and wide-ranging discussions concerning my personal experiences. My practicum has involved spending three hours a week at a local mens hostel, with some time set aside for discussion, coffee, and exchange of ideas. This time has been most helpful in dealing with feelings of frustration that arise, that can be very challenging for me and could present difficulties if not addressed. The assistance can come in the form of a reminder that it is not really about me, that change cannot be forced from the outside, or just a comment that things move slowly, and a positive outcome may take years.Unfortunately, there are few unique cases at the hostel, even if these cases are challenging and complex. Many of the individuals in residence p resent with dual diagnosis, and are well kn ingest to staff. in that location are no quick fixes or easy solutions, and staff cannot indulge in irritation or frustration over lack of resolutions. Sometimes, there will be no resolution or positive outcome. One resident was feeling very positive and looking forward to work one week, but was unable to return in subsequent weeks due to drug and alcohol use. I still that he will be able to return at a later date.It is also very distressing to see such young people with permanent impairment from drug and alcohol use, and realise that no amount of counselling or medical treatment will be able to provide them with a standard type of existence. Supervision can be used as a place to debrief, to share experiences, and brainstorm alternatives. It can be very reassuring to have someone to fall back on, and gain support from, in challenging or complex situations. I find it very useful to be able to talk things through, and then come to an indivi dual understanding and acceptance of any given situation.Seeking a second opinion, background information on a resident and discussing approaches seems to make up most of supervision time, and some other functions of supervision have also happened much than informally, over a cup of coffee in the staff room, particularly in relation to future employment.Unsurprisingly, as graduation draws nearer, it is also the career development aspect of supervision that has taken up a great deal of my thoughts where to go next, what sort of work would I best be suited to, what type of educational opportunities do I see coming up. This has for me been very valuable, as I can seek advice and tips from people in the field, and get a genuine appreciation for what it means to work in this field.Overall, I think it is generally expected, and helpful, for those who fuck off supervision to do some preparation before starting supervision, and to build up an awareness of what the supervision is to achi eve. Not to consider it an obligation but as an opportunity to develop as a much effective counsellorReviewing and reflecting on casework is a upright way to think through what has happened in the past week, and where it will take us. Preparation can also help with bringing concerns and questions to ask supervisor, with seeking confirmation and clarification, and start the thought processes about what I need from the supervisor.EvaluationFundamental to developmental models of supervision is the theory that as people and counsellors we are continuously growing and maturing like all people we develop over time, and this development and is a process with stages or phases that are predictable. In general, developmental models of supervision define progressive stages of supervisee development from novice to expert, each stage consisting of clear-cut characteristics and skills (Bradley Ladany, 2000).Stoltenberg and Delworth (1987) depict a developmental model with three directs begin ning, intermediate, and advanced. In each level a counsellor may begin in an imitative way and move toward a more than competent, self-assured and self-reliant state for each level. Beginning supervisees would find themselves relatively dependent on the supervisor to understand or explain client behaviours and mind-sets and establish plans for intervention. Intermediate supervisees would depend on supervisors for an understanding of more complex clients, but would be irritated at suggestions about more simple cases. Resistance is characteristic of this stage, because the supervisees sense of self cab feel easily threatened. Advanced supervisees function independently, seek consultation when appropriate, and feel responsible for their own choices.For example, at my current beginner stage, I am expected to have limited skills and lack confidence as a counsellor, as I am only starting out as a trainee. With more time on the job, I should develop more skills and confidence, and perhaps conflicting feelings about perceived independence/dependence on my supervisor. In a later developmental stage, I would be expected to show high level communication abilities, good problem-solving skills and be reflective about the counselling and supervisory process (Haynes, Corey, Moulton, 2003).An awareness of these development stages can be very comforting, as I am not expected to be perfect on the first day on the job, or know everything about the field immediately. Rather, the expectation is that I have a capacity to learn, grow and improve, and each day be a circumstantial bit better.Supervision and professional development is important as it assists in the alimentation and improvement of my standard of practice. It can incorporate self directed and assisted learning, on the job training and coaching, include education through case discussions and presentations, and learning from our successes and mistakes (Powell, 1993).It is very encouraging to know that supervision can be something in addition to just making things clearer or providing a fresh approach to casework. Something more than focus and insight from a third party, or a sign that I am on the right track, or the opportunity to vent my frustrations concerning clients.In counselling, it has been put forward that supervision be entrenched into a broader discussion of lifelong learning, where supervision is viewed as one of a range of support and learning tools that counsellors may be encouraged to access (McMahon and Patton, 20002).Lifelong learning is being seen as essential for everyone, and, just as supervision in focused on preventing burn out and promoting personal development, lifelong learning is also primarily focused on sustaining longevity and endurance within working life (Holmes, 2002). education is the process of individuals constructing and transforming experience into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, beliefs, emotions (Holmes, 2002), all of which are also sought after outcom es of supervision, and of practical use in counselling.Supervision encourages counsellors to reflect on their knowledge, skills, values and beliefs in order to bring to supervision an account of their experience, and through supervision transform it in such a way that it is significant and substantial, and able to be transferred into their work and personal learning (McMahon and Patton, 20002).Assisting and promoting the supervisees learning and professional development is primarily a matter of providing appropriate teaching and learning environments (Stoltenberg Delworth, 1987) and may involve the supervisor in providing students with opportunities to reflect on their values and to examine the influence of such values in the counsellors work with clients.The aim is to take full advantage of and recognise addition needed for the future, continuously identifying new areas of growth in a life-long learning process (McMahon and Patton, 20002).ConclusionAdministrative supervision is s omething I am very well-known(prenominal) with after working in the public service for a dozen years. More often as peer supervision due to availability of violence and cost, but also group and one-on-one supervision applied to different kinds of tasks. It was an activity that I found very helpful for my work, as it allowed me to be more efficient, effective, provide a more professional output, and to promote information sharing concerning best practice, improvements and innovations.This kind of supervision was strictly impersonal, and all about work. Unfortunately, there was little attention paid to the workers, and their well being, growth and development.Counselling supervision, on the other hand, has an excess dimension that is not considered when dealing with purely administrative matters. It takes a more holistic view of helping others, and acknowledges that we cannot help others unless we also help ourselves. Counselling supervision acknowledges that the counsellor is a pa rt of the dialogue, and cannot be removed from the equation, and so takes go to limit harm for all parties, to ensure that prejudices or preconceptions of the counsellor do not impact on any therapeutic relationship. Counselling supervision takes it that extra step to look at supporting the counsellor in their work, and in their development.Egan focuses very well on this when he looks at a certain level of self-knowledge, self-awareness and maturity as an essential requirement to being an effective counsellor (Egan, 2007). Supervision provides a space where counsellors can acknowledge and challenge any guile spots, overcome biases and become better counsellors.An appropriate supervisory relationship can help broaden therapeutic skills. It can be used to develop interventions and provide insights for assessments. Supervision can be used to focus on relational issues in order to cultivate patient/client resources, and to build up and support a counsellors own therapeutic influence. Supervision should enable counsellors to acquire new professional and personal insights through their own experiences.

Concepts of Space in Art

Concepts of Space in ArtIn his book Space, duration and Architecture, Sigfried Giedion noted that by means of developments made during the Renaissance, the image of blank shell comes to fruition. This conception of home in art was expressed with the husking of perspective. Through the use of perspective he says every element is related to the unique point of view of the individual.In linear perspective -etymologically clear seeing- objects are depicted upon a plane draw near in conformity with the way they are seen, without reference point to their absolute shapes and coincidences. The whole picture or design is calculated to be valid for one postal service and observation point only. To the fifteenth century the principle of perspective came as a complete revolution, involving an extreme and violent break with the medieval conception of space, and with the flat, adrift(p) arrangements, as its artistic expression.Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, Harvard Univ er beaty Press, Cambridge,1967, firstly published 1941, pp. 30-31During the Renaissance, fields of study particularly in the arts were closely intertwined with traditional pretences. In computer architecture, buildings were designed with reference to past examples. At around about the early nineteenth century, there came a shift in the conception of space that broke lay off of the rigidness associated with antiquity.Relativity in our conception of space came about through the development of cubism. Cubism introduced a wise dynamic to opthalmic representation. The framed view is coupled with antithetic points of view of the same object, his brings in a factor of time.Joan Ockman professor and the director of the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for theStudy of American Architecture at Columbia University. here will be cited her essay TheWay Beyond Art published in Autonomy and Ideology, ed.Somol, R.E., the Monacelli Press,New York, 1997, pp.83-120matter ceased to be understood as s hady mass. The viewer now envisaged different aspects of space simultaneously, inside and outside, convex and concave at once. Matter was decomposed into simple surfaces and lines (as in Mondrian) or became transparent and interpenetrating (as in Lissit hawk). With these developments, space came to be understood as a crossing of movements and energies.The change in the conception of space is said to be the demolition of pictorial space by Cubist techniques and substitution of a relative point of view for an absolute oneAlong with Ockman, Sigfried also wrote about a new conception of space from the traditional. He claims that classical conception of space is related to the notion of perspective and this notion was the primary element in painting since the Renaissance up until the twentieth Century. For Giedion, the new method of visual representation after the formation of cubist techniques coincides with a shift in the conception of space and develops form giving principles of the n ew space conception After Cubism, space conception changes from the static perception of the Renaissance. Giedion claims that the classic conceptions of space and volumes are limited and one sided. For Giedion, the possibilities of this new space conception is like Cubism with its many perspectives that extract the essence of the subject, give it an infinite potential for relations within it. Giedion claims that the dawn of cubism is an anonymous principle just like the discovery of perspective. That cubism is the expression of a collective and almost unconscious attitude and for him, this expression is also closely related to scientific advancements of that period.As Giedion says.Cubism breaks with Renaissance perspective. It views objects relatively that is, from some(prenominal) points of view, no one of which has exclusive authority. And in so dissecting objects it sees them simultaneously from all sides from above and below, from inside and outside. It goes around and into it s objects. Thus to the three dimensions of the Renaissance which have held life-threatening as constituent facts throughout so many centuries, there is added a fourth one timeIn stage design, the stage itself can pay back a medium for the exploration and the experimentation of different concepts in vision and space conception. The stage is the manifestation of the family between performers and audience.In her book, Theatres, Gaelle Breton makes reference to quaint disciplines. She says that the Greek theatres of antiquity sought to create a unity between the stage and audience areas and combined them under an open air space. This principle she states becomes the model for Elizabethan theatres which she identifies with the Shakespeare Globe Theatre.Breton states that during the Renaissance, theatre design undergoes an increasing separation from the outside world, and within creates an ever increasing divide between stage and spectator who sit in a fix position for an optimum sta tic perspective. This resembles the painting of the time.The way theatres were designed during the Renaissance was disputed by Richard Wagner. Together with architect Otto Brukwald, they collaborated to design theatre which sought a reversal in the separation of and stage. The theatre of the Renaissance was concerned with the audience with the perspective of the audience. No balconies and a darkened auditorium focused the audiences upkeep to the stage. Theatre no longer sought to create the put-on of reality but sought to express the essence of a play.Breton also claims that the necessity for creating the illusion of reality became less relevant with the advent of cinema and the innovation of cubism which shattered the traditional perception space and style of spatial representationAntonin Artaud (1862-1928) was a noted stage director and the author of Theatre and its Double. He describes the architectural space that he seeks for his productions as a single, universal locale wit hout any partitions of any miscellanea His proposal was to abandon the architecture of his time and set about producing production that could be held in a barn or a hanger for performance. The notion of elastic space such as this can also be seen in the architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe around this time. The concept is for a performance space as a total space which can be redesigned and reorganized for different productions.The sculptor and painter Oscar Schlemmer, conducts experiments for stage space at the Bauhaus. Roselee Goldberg state that the work at the Bauhaus was to achieve a synthesis of art and technology in pure form The studies conducted included the problems of performance space such as the opposition of visual place and spatial depth Schlemmers experiments demonstrated a new conception of space on stage. In the 1920s, the discussion of space centred on the notion of matte volume Schlemmer explained thatout of the plane geometry, out of the pursuit of the str aight line, the diagonal, the circle and the curve, a stereometry of space evolves, by the moving vertical line of the dancing figure. The relationship of the geometry of the plane to the stereometry of the space could be felt if one were to imagine a space filled with a soft pliable substance in which the figures of the while of the dancers movements were to harden as a negative formUp until the twentieth century, the criteria for stage design was a framed view and theatres based on the relation of the proscenium. In the early twentieth century, revolutionary stage designers such as Edward Gordon Craig challenged this two dimensional approach to stage design with three dimensional concepts and experiments.For his first production, Craig had to design his own stage as the only available space was the Hampstead Conservatoire. This concert hall was 44ft wide with a series of stepped platforms at one peculiarity to house the orchestra. The comprises made by Craig became a characteri stic of his work. The ceiling height was level throughout and Craig incorporated Herkomers technique of over head illumine and sky effects. A low proscenium was constructed to facilitate frames and a bridge above the stage for the lighting man. To facilitate a cast and chorus of 75, the full largeness of the stage was utilized. This created a strikingly panoramic effect. In later production in Coronet and Great Queen Street theatres, Craig lowered the proscenium by as much as 12ft to create the impression of great width. He also found that creating stepped platforms allowed for three dimensional groupings and movement. Craig wanted the spectators to have the same perspective of the plays so no side galleries, or boxes were used, instead a single level seating was used.Another characteristic of Craigs productions which challenged the viewers imagination were, although the sets were openly theatrical, with everything from imitation vine leaves to in the buff papier-mch boars head, o n the other hand there was a deliberate avoidance of pictorial detail and simple effects of colour were used, leaving the imagination free and achieving a suggestiveness that one viewer had commented reminded him of the delicate friezes of Pompeii.For these surfaces, Craig explains they stand on the stage just as they are, they do not imitate nature, nor are they painted with realistic or decorative designsCraig studied the theatrical work as it was in ancient Greece, Rome, from the Renaissance to the Elizabethan. He noted that Once upon a time, stage setting was architecture. A little later it became imitation architecture, still later it became imitation artificial architecture.The two elements which became central to Craigs concept of a new theater were lighting and movement.The two elements which became central to Craigs concept of a new theater were lighting and movement.The great days of painted scenery belonged to the era of dim lighting from gas-few footlights or candles, which flattened the performer so that he an the picture became one. The day the first spotlight was on the side of the proscenium, everything changed. The actor now stood out, was substantial, and a contradiction perfectly appeared between roundness and the two dimensional trompe loeil behind his back. The great innovators in the art of scenic design, Adolphe Appia and Gordon Craig, knew this before the First World War.Peter Brook, Threads of Time, Methuen make Limited, London, 1999, p.48In 1923, Fredrick Kiesler presented his concept for the Endless Theatre. The theme of this space was the structure did not have any frame, but could still maintain its form. In the 1920s architecture had a strong tendency to interpret space from a functional point of view. Buildings where traditionally of a rectangular shape, however there were no corners in Kieslers endless concept. This implies a meaning of time and space simultaneously which one can interpret as without and en, or in another se nse an timeless existence of time. While this theatre expressed Kieslers concept of space, it was in 1958 when he presented the Endless house that his concept had manifested itself into a space that responded to human sensibilities as well as a functional space acting as a home.An installation architecture piece by Bernard Tschumi called the Glass Video Gallery was constructed in the Netherlands. It is a glass structure which contains 6 banks of video monitors. The projects intention was to challenge our preconceived ideas on the act of viewing. The monitors act as an unstable faade, unlimited space is suggested through mirror reflections. The reflective surfaces which can be interpreted as a modern day equivalent to Edward Gordon Craigs walls. The immateriality presents an ambiguous surface. The architect presented a challenge to the permanence of buildings. The multiplying layers act to dissolve the surface of the glass. Lighting at night acts to transform the space. For TschumiT he endless reflections of the video screens over the vertical and horizontal glass surfaces empty all expectations of what is architecture and what is event, of what is wall and what is electronic image, of what defines and what activates.Tschumi also claims that his glass box challenges the ideas of television viewing and about privacy. The transparency of the glass walls acts as an opposition to an enfold private space it also acts as an extension to the street. Within the structure, a person watches and is watched at the same time.

Challenging Logistics And Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay

Challenging Logistics And Supply Chain Management Commerce searchThe grant string weed be delimitated as being a group of partners who collectively convert a basic commodity into a finished product that is of determine to the end employmentr. In the picture chain each partner must perform a task which subjoins nurture to the utmost product/service (Harrison, Van Hoek, 2008).The sum chain is viewed as a single entity rather than a series of fragmented elements such(prenominal)(prenominal) as procurement, manufacturing and distribution.Logistics heed could be seen to include the languish-term decisions and plans needed for reform, whereas the supply chain includes the more operational elements.In a supply chain, every partner ought to add value to the finished productservice through some process or procedure (Harrison and Van Hoek, 2008).Elements of Logistics ManagementStorage, w behousing, material handling.Packaging and utilization.Inventory.Transport.Information and co ntrol.Source Lecture Slide 1, Logistics schema M32 SOR.AimResearch the strategic piazza of Diageo Plc from a logistics context in order to enlarge a suitable logistics dodge.ObjectivesResearch analyse a UK base brewerys current strategic position from a logistics perspective.Evaluate the key strategic approaches to logistics perplexity that could be used by a UK based brewery.Identify the focal point issues caused by implementing a new logistics strategy with consideration for available capital, technical and human resourcesOutline the strategic significance of new technology developments and byplay trends on future logistic strategies for a retailer.Prep ar and submit the reportDiageo Plc- BackgroundDiageo Plc is the leading beer, hard liquor, and wine comp whatsoever in the world. The company has a come up potpourri portfolio of alcoholic beverages and stock brands such as Jos Cuervo, Smirnoff, Captain Morgan, Johnnie Walker, Baileys, JB, Tanqueray, Bushmills Irish, Be aulieu Vineyard, Sterling Vineyards wines and Guinness (www.diageo.com).Diageo is listed both on the London Stock Exchange (DGE) as well as the c ply York stock Exchange (DEO). Diageo has a wide brand portfolio. The company strives to maintain its leadership position and provide value to the customer. Diageo has manufacturing plants spread across countries and continents including join Kingdom, Spain, Italy, India, Africa, Caribbean, United States of America and Australia.The company had worldwide sales worth 8.09 billion in the year 2008. It operates in 180 markets in five continents across the globe (www.diageo.com).Diageo Plc was shaped when dickens of the most established breweries- Guiness Plc and Grand Metropolitan Plc- merged to form the present company in 1997. The company was then reorganised in 2004 into three intelligible strategic business divisions, namely, Diageo Europe, Diageo North America and Diageo International. In 2005, Diageo acquired the oldest distillery in Ireland called Bushmills Distillery. In 2006, the company expanded into Russia and got a majority stake in Smirnov vodka business (www.diageo.com).Logistics strategyA logistics strategic framework is aimed at aligning the different partners of a supply chain in a manner so as to meet and match the customers evolving demands. The objectives of such a logistics strategic framework areCapital simplification It implies increasing the returns on investments made in logistics assets.Cost reducing It is to minimiseoptimise the approachs associated with storage and movement of goods and supplies.Improvement in Service it involves processes so as to achieve customer satisfaction.Competitive Structure and CompetitorsThe international drinks and beverages market has players, such as Pernod Ricard, Bacardi, Brown Forman Co-operation, Moet-Hennessey (LVMH), and Fortune Brands (Beam Global). Pernod Ricard is a Paris-based multinational company which in 2008, acquired a Swedish company, V S Group, the makers of Absolut vodka. Brown-Forman Co-operation is one of the largest USA-based shapers of alcoholic beverages. In 2007, it acquired a Mexican company, Tequila Herradura, to add tequila drinks to its portfolio (Business Insights, 2009)Bacardi, headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda is well k directn for its brand of rums. It is a family-owned multinational company operating in everyplace 100 countries. Moet-Hennessey is manufacturer of liquor under the Paris-based parent company, LVMH (the largest retailer of luxury goods in the world). Fortune Brands are America-based manufacturers of wines and spirits and acquired many brands from UK-based Allied Domecq in 2005 (Business Insights, 2009).Diageo Strategic PositioningAn understanding of Diageos boilersuit strategic positioning can help us in designing a logistics management strategy. Evaluation of the overall strategy is a precursor to develop a concurrent logistics strategy aligned with the companys long term vision.Ge neric Strategies for Diageo using Ansoff epitomeCUsersuserDesktoprohit gulatibreweryansoff.jpgAs is evident from the Ansoff matrix, Diageo has the fol first gearing strategiesConsolidation of its position and market penetration in mature markets such as USA and Europe where it is well established. It is doing so both by organic as well as inorganic growth strategies.It is looking at newer territories and emerging markets such as Africa and Asia for market development of its existing products.It is developing products in mature markets so as to increase the shell out of wallet of the consumer. An example is RTD or ready-to-drink beverages, such as Smirnoff Ready-to-Drink beverage.Porters Five Forces ModelMichael Porter developed his Five Forces model in 1979 to help businesses understand competition in a more comprehensive manner. Diagrammatically, it can be represented as fol unhopefulsSource Johnson Scholes 6th ed, exhibit 3.4The model, when employ to Diageo Plc, helps understa nd the company environment and competition as fol woefulsBargaining Power of Suppliers this is low as Diageo is an established company with a large market share and strong brand name. To gain advantage over its suppliers, it enters into long term contracts.Bargaining Power of Buyers this is low as Diageo now positions itself as a manufacturer of premium and super-premium spirits and other alcoholic beverages. The market share of premium and super-premium brands of Diageo increase by 4.5% and 11% respectively.Threat of Competitors it is high as it has a fewer international competitors in the form of Pernod Ricard, Brown-Forman and Bacardi. Major mergers and acquisitions have occurred in the alcoholic beverage industry leading to fewer players with extended brand portfolios and cross-border capabilities.Threat of Substitutes This is low as alcoholic beverages are a socially acceptable form of intoxication that is not acceptable with any other substance.Threat of New Entrants it is lo w as entry barriers are high in the form of increased regulation, increasing need of merchandise by beverage companies to inform customers and increasing free-enterprise(a) nature of the industry.Please refer to Appendix A for further reading on competitiveness.Development of Existing Logistics CapabilitiesThe environment under which Diageo functions is dynamic and changing rapidly. The characteristics that define its environment that one of necessity to understand to develop the logistics strategy are as followsExpectations of service levels are increasingConsumers are becoming more sophisticated. presidential term regulations are becoming more stringentCommodity price pressures and intense competition cause opposite effects on price, affecting margins.Logistics can be of immense value to a company if approached in a correct and definitive manner. Its importance for various businesses has now increased from merely a cost incurring but necessary function toAn activity to generate significant cost savings.An activity with the potential to increase sales and customer satisfaction.A marketing tool to gain sustainable competitive advantage.The costs incurred by Diageo can be broadly understood as followsCUsersuserDesktoprohit gulatibrewerycogs.jpgSource Gosnell, Investor Relations Conference, 2005The planetary supply and logistics strategy also includes people and processes which Diageo classifies as Partners for growth (Gosnell, Investro Relations Conference, 2005). These can be classified as followsKey Enablers These are associated with people, processes and attitudes such as collaboration, teamwork, responsiveness and capability development.Qualifiers These include protecting brand as well as Diageo reputation through maintaining brand quality, brand integrity, corporate citizenship and other such means. It may also include the resolve of the company to deliver competitive service to the customer at the ripe value.Winners these include processes to reduce e nd-to-end supply chain costs, overall costs, driving technology and research and ability to execute the strategy as expected.The various features of this strategy implemented by Diageo in inward as well as outbound logistics and value construct are as followsReducing the overall cost of goods sold Diageo has set a orient of 2% real cost reduction each year. The philosophy here is that savings can come from all components of the supply chain such as procurement, logistics, manufacturing and brand value, each of which depart be subsequently looked into. The large scale operations of Diageo provide it with an advantage in all these areas.Procurement Glass and sinew are two largest components of Diageos cost of goods. To control energy costs, it uses forward purchasing spot purchasing as well as short term tactical purchasing. For glass supply assurance and price control, it entered a strategic relationship with Owens-Illinois and gave it the preferred supplier status. At the same t ime, it developed alternate supplier relations as well such as with Altajir, based in Europe, with which it entered a 3 to 5 year deal.Also, Diageo also leveraged newer supply sources from Asia and Eastern Europe as these emerging economies are reliable on quality, pricing, service and innovation. As an example, this has led to 40%-50% cost saving on cartons, 20% on crowns and 15%-20% on casings.Manufacturing Diageo tries to maximise the benefits of economies of scale. It has larger but fewer manufacturing facilities, thus having high fixed costs but low variable costs. It has sold or closed 11 facilities in Europe, 5 in North America and 3 in Asia/Africa. In the rest of the manufacturing plants, it has tried to fully optimise the advantages of the Diageo scale e.g. Shieldhall, Scotland is the largest volume spirits packaging plant but still has single 7 lines.Logistics Diageo uses the pilot rationales involving a central hub warehouse that can supply to the surrounding markets. T hese warehouses are strategically located and use cross-border shipments to meet demand. This model also minimises costs by maximising throughput. This has led to 20% reduction in manpower requirements, 25% reduction in stock and enhanced service performance. An example of the pilot principles model in Europe for Diageo is as followsCUsersuserDesktoprohit gulatidIAGEO_brewery_3250warehouse.jpgSource Gosnell, Investor Relations Conference, 2005Brand set and Value Engineering An example of value engineering would be the Guinness can size that was reduced by 7%, weight reduced by 1% without loss of volume held. JW bottles glass weight was reduced by 22% as another example. This has led to reduction in packaging, hauling and shipping costs.Also, Diageo intends to create value for its customers while preserving its brand image. It intends to do so throughImproving existing quality standardsImplementing environmental management systemsCrisis management simulations for business resilience perfect supply flexibilityStrategic Approaches to Logistics ManagementThere are two motivations suggested for designing a logistics strategy (Whittington 1993). These included the goals of panorama the logistics strategy and how deliberate the processes were of setting the logistics strategy. A matrix was hence developed and helped firms evaluate the logistics strategy.BenchmarkingDiageo can utilise benchmarking to evaluate its logistics performance in comparison to its competitors or companies from different industries altogether. Benchmarking can be defined as a process of continuously measuring and comparison ones business performance against comparable processes in leading organizations to obtain learning that will help the organization identify and implement improvements (Benson 1998). Benchmarking can also be understood as a process for identification of best practices by comparing key performance indicators for a specific activity across organisations and using these perf ormance levels as inputs for corporate goal setting (Gourdin, 2001) Diageo can utilise this to analyse its practices with respect to other companies, industries or markets. Benchmarking can be used in a variety of logistic processes such as warehouse operations, mode and carrier wave selection, order processing, apprehending and packaging. However, certain steps need to be ensured before embarking on benchmarking (Gourdin, 2001). These are as followsDefining the present performance level of the benchmarked activity. ascertain the level of performance coveted in this activity to be benchmarked.Determining what improvements can be made and to be madeDetermining how to make the desired improvements to achieve desired performance levels.Estimate and set a time frame for the completion of the process.Collaboration/Co-operationCollaboration is the most sophisticated form of electronic integration. If electronic integration occurs at all levels, namely strategic, tactical and operation al, it is called as collaboration. It helps the supply chain members to come together so as to erupt forecast future demand and to design plans and implement them to meet these demands. The members can collaborate on new product planning, demand forecasting and replenishment planning. Collaboration allows information to be rapidly exchanged and hence, all participants of the collaboration have access to updated and latest information. It can also help to reduce costs and the selective information provide into the system can be used for monitoring and feedback activities. The co-operative approach simply refers to the degree of external and internal collaboration among the supply chain members.Partnerships/AlliancesCompanies now put one across the concept of strategic long term relationship with suppliers. The underlying reason for this realisation is the need to improve customer service or add value to the finished product. An alliance is said to be strategic when it is strategic in focalization and also directly supports one of the partners distinctive core competencies (Grant et al, 2006). Partnerships not only help the members in sharing information, knowledge and experience but also aid in lowering the risks for any one player.Diageo, as motioned previously, has a long term partnership with Owen-Illinois, a USA-based glass manufacturing company. It has been accorded special supplier status and given a contract for 3 years. It has also increased the scale of Owen-Illinois. Diageo can forge similar partnerships with various other members of its supply chain.Just in time (JIT)A JIT-based program aims at ensuring that the right quantities are produced at the right time and reach the consumer at the right moment of need so that there is no waste. Waste has been defined in JIT programs as anything that does not add value to the end product. One unit more or less than needed is considered as waste. Total Quality Management is a concept whose principle is conc urrent with those of JIT and both may need to be implemented simultaneously so as to add value to companys operations. A successful and functional JIT program, however, needs the following to be achieved by the companySteady productionFlexible resourcesNo machine breakdownsReliable suppliersHigh quality product/service rapid machine set-upsDiscipline to maintain every of the above functions running over a continuumImplementation of JITFor JIT to be successful in Diageo, adaptation of the JIT concepts in its environmental set up is essential. The main concepts of eliminating waste, quick changeovers, flexibility in resources and partnering with suppliers have to be realised and has been described as a two-stage process (Gourdin, 2001).Establish foundations (this refers to quality, low cost, minimum lead times, flexibility these can be achieved through Total Quality Management, flexible and trained workforce, reduction in setup time and focus on design).Core Techniques (pull schedulin g, multi-functional workforce, JIT purchasing).JIT is a volume and demand driven program. It requires a certain level of stable demand for it to be successful. It cannot be implemented in a business that has unique orders or low volumes of operation. Moreover, companies should strive to improve JIT systems as technology advances.Lean ManagementFirst introduced by Toyota Production Systems, lean management is a concept of reducing waste and non-value adding activities from the value chain. The main elements of lean management are small batch size production, pull creation and reduction in variability. It says that a pull is created when a customer demands a product and only that should lead to production, thus reducing stock wastes and large inventories or batch sizes. Two very important principles associated with lean management are kaizen (continuous improvement) and kaikaku ( radical improvement). This encourages improvement in the processes on incremental as well as radical level s. Lean management helps in reducing lead times and reduce variability in demand, supply and manufacturing by standardisation of procedures.Value Chain AnalysisSource Johnson et al, 2008The concept of a value chain was developed by Michael Porter. He suggested that the functions in an organisation can be split into primary activities come to with creation and delivery of product and service and supporting activities (Johnson et al, 2008).The value chain analysis helps the company identify its various components of the value chain and what are the activities at which value added can be increased. A fundamental value chain for Diageo can look like thisCUsersuserDesktoprohit gulatibreweryvaluechain.jpgIssues relevant to the development of strategiesIntegration of logistics strategy with corporate and business level strategies is essential for success of all these strategic outlooks. Diageo has compound logistics strategy with the overall corporate strategy to streamline procurement, manufacturing and delivery operations (Gosnell, 2005). It has helped Diageo become the largest player in the international alcohol beverage market. However, scope for further improvement always exists. A Step Model can be used by Diageo to develop and assess its logistics strategy and identify its strengths and loopholes.What Diageo must realise is that there are certain factors in the supply chain that are beyond the control of the company. Trying to manage such factors by the management can lead to waste creation and loss of value. These can include increased competitive pricing and product pressures, unanticipated actions by competitors that can dent Diageos market share or size, legal and regulatory changes and many others.Management Issues Caused by Implementing Newer StrategiesNew strategy performance can directly affect the capital, technical and human resources of a company. Good leadership during change as well as effective communication can help implement the change in an efficient manner. During implementation and modification of logistics strategy, overdue importance should be given to HR management and other organisational issues. Ignorance of HR issues is the most common, yet often ignored cause of failure to implement changes in strategy, even when they denote improvement over previous processes. These issues such as recruitment, training and appraisal, autonomy, flexibility and reward systems are important factors to be taken into consideration to enable smoother transitions. Specific to logistics, the management should review the current staffing and skills, allocation and training of staff, as well as current recruitment criteria and procedures. It should also consider the impact of market pull and technological push on the strategy design and plan. Likewise, operational issues have to be monitored and requirements in terms of people, capital and equipment resources have to be met. These are necessary for any new tactically significant ope rations the company plans to undertake.Force field analysis can also be used to help stakeholders accept the change and understand the requirements, implications and resistances to the change in strategy. The model also suggests that there are two forces primarily in the business field, namely, driving force and resistance force. The management should strive to increase the strength of the former and reduce that of the latter while implementing change.Collaboration can play a significant role in the implementation of change. This is so because the companys suppliers and customers are also stakeholders in the company and can resist change. Internal collaboration, intercompany collaboration and electronic collaboration should be implemented while tutelage in mind the ECR (efficient consumer response).New Technology Implementation and Future Trends in Logistics StrategyDiageo, due to its international and cross border supply chain should now focus on localised supply chains and distri bution systems. This can help reduce haulage and shipping costs. Employment of low cost communication theory and cost computing technologies can aid in this endeavour and also help in increasing capability to extend product variety. Diageo has to be flying and flexible to incorporate these and any such positive technological advances. This can lead to increased pressure on cost-efficient, strategically beneficial logistics management due to increasing competition. As a result, increased pressures may be felt on supply chain networks viz. replenishment ordering, continuous ordering and supply flows, cross docking and stockless warehousing with product tracking (Harrison, Van Hoek, 2008).Scenario planning is a simulation attempt to generate realistic and plausible situations of the industry. Diageo can use it to simulate various market conditions, future situations and competitor capabilities. Such an uncertainty-based scenario matrix is highle effective in evaluation-based planning over the medium and long term.RFIDRadio absolute frequency Identification is used by Diageo wherever plausible. However, Diageo should try and implement the technology in all markets for more efficient product tracking, demand tracking and supply chain flexibility. It also helps in rapidly collecting info about demand levels and consumption patterns in various markets.RFID is a wireless technology that uses radio receiver signalling for electronic identification and object labelling (Harrison, Von Hoek, 2008). This system works in alignment to the organisations information systems. This helps in improving business processes such as supply chain management while relaying significant market data.RFID systems primarily consist of three componentsTransponders These are also called as contactless data carriers or Tags. They can carry information data feeded into them and identify objects to which they are attached.Readers These devices communicate with the RFID tags and read the infor mation stored in them.Software Applications These are the applications that feed and retrieve the data from a tag via the readers.RFID vs. BarcodesRFID are a technological advancement over barcode. The RFID tags can store as much information as a barcode can and sometimes more. Information carried by barcodes cannot be edited. In case of RFID tags information can be edited or updated. Moreover, this function can be repeatedly performed without any loss of data or damage to tags memory. The security systems inbuilt in the RFID systems are also conk out as it uses tags uses authentication and encrypted data transfer methods.ERPBaheshti, 2006 defined an ERP system as a collection of business applications, which links various business units of an organisation such as financial, accounting, manufacturing, sales and marketing and human resources into a tightly integrated single system with a common platform for streamlined flow of information across the entire business.Reengineering of c ompanies is facilitated through ERP systems so that they are in a better position to empower employees, satisfy needs and demands of the customers and create better business value (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002)ERP systems helps create reenergized companies that are in a position to better serve customers, empower employees, and drive greater business value (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002).Since Diageo has three separate business units catering to different geographical regions, the task of collecting and analysing data is a daunting one at Diageo. ERP system can integrate these data flows across all the business units and their various divisions so as to better understand the industry events and design and/or modify strategy accordingly. It can thus act as a competitive advantage to the company in the long run by better understanding of the international market place and varied needs and requirements of the consumers across borders. This can thus help in driving Diageos overall oper ational efficiency and functional effectiveness.ReferencesPresentation by David Gosnell, Managing Director, Diageo Global Supply, Investor Relations Conference, November 2005Business Insights, The Top 10 Spirits Companies Industry Trends and product Strategies of Leading Players, April 2009Presentation by Stuart Fletcher, President, Diageo International, April 2009Baheshti, H. M. (2006) What Managers Should Know About ERP/ERPII Management Research News. Vol. 29(4) online available fromFenn, D. (2005) 10 edn. Key Note. Hampton Key Note LtdGourdin, k. (2001) Global Logistics Management. Oxford BlackwellGrant, D., Lambert, D., Stock, J., Ellram, L. (2006) Fundamentals of logistics Management. Berkshire McGraw cumulation EducationHarrison, A., Van Hoek, A. (2008) 3 edn. Logistics Management and Strategy. Essex Pearson EducationJohnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2008) 8th edn. Exploring Corporate Strategy. England Pearson EducationRushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2006) 3 edn. The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. London KoganWillis, H. Willis-Brown, H. A. (2002) Extending the value of ERP Journal of industrial Management Data Systems, online Available fromwww.diageo.com.

Beautiful Disasters: Pearl As A Living Breathing Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Sometimes beauty is found in places as unexpected as a rosebush growing outside of a prison house in a puritan colonial village. drop Prynne is an unearthly beautiful child with a wild spirit born under unimaginably repellant conditions, all of which are somehow related to the ideas, actions, and views of others on Hesters punishment. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, driblet serves as Hesters living, breathing Scarlet letter.Pearl evokes the same emotion and reactions from the townspeople, as does the scarlet letter. The people look at the slight sense of pride Hester has in her letter in the same centering they look at the way Hester lets Pearl do whatever she wants. They feel Hester isnt fit to raise the child. The extremity of gossip from the females of the village in the reservoir of the book is only matched by the amount that Pearls wild attitude stirs up later on. Hesters A is the example for all of what hell on earth is. The A makes Hester much avoided and th e parents tell their children to watch out for her. Theses same parents say the same things to their kids about avoiding Pearl, who is infamous for her uncontrollable behavior with her peers and other adults. Just as infamous as Hesters A for the wild sinful actions it symbolizes.Like Hesters scarlet letter, Pearl shows extreme beauty in a be that is not traditional, positive, tame, or fully accepted. When Hester crafts the A that she has to wear on her chest, She uses a deep, passionate shade of red and embroiders it very intricately with bright gold thread. The A was meant to mark Hester in a negative manor its purpose is to let everyone know that Hester is a sinner. Hester takes something extremely negative and makes it appear as passionately beautiful. Hawthorne portrays Pearl in a very detailed specific manor, meant to put emphasis on the similarities between Pearl and the A. She is the symbol of Hesters sin nevertheless the tone that is used when referring to her makes her o ut to appear as a stunningly beautiful creature. The narrator states, There was a trait of passion, a certain reason of hue, which she never lost ( ). Even the adjectives he uses in describing Pearl suggest something color related (hue). There is a feeling of wildness and uncontrollably in Pearls appearance more specifically in her eyes.