What Do Programmers Do Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What Do Programmers Do - Research Paper Example These devices came through the hands of experienced programmers. Much worse case is that they fail to recognize the difficulty and significance of the job. To gain better comprehension of what programmers exactly do or clarifications of misconceptions will assist people into achieving a sense of deeper appreciation for both the professionals and their craft. A professional even once said that what people commonly think that programmers delve into a field that is encompassed by pure science is inaccurate. Programmers actually are more like artists in their profession (Dollery 1). Additionally, it can be described as an interesting and stable choice of profession nowadays with the continuous advancement of the computer age (â€Å"Information Technology Jobs in America: Corporate & Government Career Guide† 29). There are numerous approaches one can take to become a professional programmer aside from attaining a degree in computer science or software engineering. There are unconve ntional ways where one programs accidentally or one has an interest in programming therefore adopts it as a past time (George 1). Comparing computers in the past and present, it is obvious at how it has remarkably evolved and continuously pushing its limits, if there are any. Through this, one can also expect that the field of programmers and the nature of their profession have also and will continue to metamorphose throughout the future (Morley 718). The Programmers’ Job To avoid any obscurity about the description of a programmer’s job, it can easily be broken down into three steps—writing the program, testing the program and debugging it if errors are found then testing again until the correct function has been achieved. In some ways, programmers identify their expertise similar to those of writers only much rigid (Seibel 299). What really make the jobs of programmers enigmatic are the various, distinctive languages they utilize for the development of program s. In fact, programmers are burdened with understanding numerous languages if not all during their course of education to assure their adequacy in a task (Morley 572). It is an imperative that people who delve into this profession know a handful of programming languages. For instance, in America, they demand experience in C++, Java, JavaScript, VisualBasic, Cobol or Fortran which are popular programming languages (â€Å"Information Technology Jobs in America: Corporate & Government Career Guide† 116). Furthermore, a computer programmer is equipped with many essential skills. To be the best in their craft, these professionals are expected to have acquired a basic skill in debugging where the planned operation goes otherwise and they have to be able to find it, figure it out and correct the problem (Read 5). This might be simple enough but it requires cleverness and artistry. Though there are tools available for the professionals, a specialized knowledge must be accomplished be fore once can debug with ease. Some expert programmers even say that to be where they are, it took a lot of hands-on experience (Seibel 4). Finally, programmers, as with all professionals, are assigned with the task of unit testing which assures that all their developed programs are efficiently working. In this final stage of production, there is quite a demand not only in skill but also a good working relationship (Helgeson 240). It is said that in our age even our advancements require continuous

Violent media Essay Example for Free

Violent media Essay Violence is the act of injuring and killing someone. Exposure of young people to the media violence makes them to be more violent and this will be highly seen when they become adults. Children can watch movies in the television that may influence them negatively. The cartoon violence and the violence committed by real people are different. Movies will also consume productive time for the children. Instead of doing other productive work like reading children may spend a lot of time watching television. Programs in the television are addictive hence most people especially the children spend most of their time watching them. This also kills the persons, abilities to articulate any issue which relates to their life. There is also the tendency of the young people to be ineffective in solving any problem which they encounter in the real point of view. They instead attend to it as per the said actions in the media programs. This is a very serious issue which need to be addressed and adequate measures taken to get a permanent solution of the matter. There are several instances of psychological torture as a result of the video games, TV, films, and even music. People need to concentrate on the effective management and control of the accessibility of the violent media so as to build the effectiveness of personal performance (Ruben, 2006). Discussion TV contains programs that can be watched by children. These programs may include cartoon network. Cartoons can be educational as well as entertaining to children. Children can be entertained by watching TV. This cuts the cost of buying entertainment material by parents who would not have afforded them. Entertainment can be music, movies and plays. Type of music a child watches may influence his or her character. Music available in TV can be of different types that is gospel music, rock, pop, jazz, hip hop and many other types. Watching music can inspire a child to like music and may want to pursue that career later in life. These are some positive attributes of watching TV and other media which are not violent. Control should be exercised in a manner which ensures that the children and other people have access to the media which do not instill violence in them or any kind of behavior which is not appropriate to them. The society we live in is totally polluted with such issues which do not assist the inhabitants hence the resulting case is the one of violence as per what they get from the media. Utilization of adequate measures which are not restraining is very important. Media plays a major role in the passing of information to all the viewers but others love irrelevant scenes which do not help them but instead destroy their well being. A human beings psychology is very important and should be adequately feed with information which is positive in the ways of living. Contrary to this is very disastrous and a person will be affected negatively. The thinking of a person will be seriously affected as a result what is obtained from the media (Perse, 2001). Media Violence is also aired in television and it negatively affect in the young children. Exposure of young people to the media violence makes them to be more violent and this will be highly seen when they become adults. Violence is the act of injuring and killing someone. Children can watch movies in the television that may influence them negatively. The cartoon violence and the violence committed by real people are different. The cartoon violence does not have much effect as compared to the actual violence committed by real people as they seem unrealistic. Young people develop such unrealistic attitudes of approaching and solving problems encountered. The society as well is not convincing as such hence there is need for the society to address such problems. The people who encounter these issues are the young who do not know how to control such matters hence they have the psychological torture. There is need for the young to be under critical check-out for any issue which will enable them access the media which is not violent. This will enable them facilitate the media content well with their way of life. This will help them stay connected with the reality other than the media misconceptions which does not help them at all in the real life situations. Other TV channels may air movies which have some sexual and violence scenes. When children watch this kind of movies, their behavior is greatly influenced hence their thinking is also adversely affected. This has great effects to the children throughout their lives which are not appropriate since they will not act accordingly. This is further indicated on the future growth of the children when they are grown ups as they execute things which in an inappropriate manner. Watching violent movies may make children act violently. This influence the way they relate with people and the way they think. They may also end up earning a living from actions which are not worthwhile and not according to the laid down societal norms and the existing laws (Wilkins Christians, 2009). Horror movies may instill fear in children. This also affects them throughout their lives and in the way they view things. They will always be on the negative or unique and most weird position in addressing their issues and attending to their daily duties. Media can be such destructive to the viewers especially those who are not able to control what they want from it. Violent media is not appropriate to the people who are easily moved by the actions as they will put such in practice without their actual realization. It’s important for all the people to take charge of their access to media so as to avoid those which are violent. The people who are keen of that music which are very emotional also are at risk since their actions will be measured by how much they believe in the media. If they put all their trust in the media, then they will be acting as per what they get from it. There should be adequate care and control over the access to the media. Movies will also consume productive time for the children. Instead of doing other productive work like reading children may spend a lot of time watching television. Programs in the television are addictive and there should be appropriate measures which should be taken for the children to adequately in check and operating within the programs which can be productive to them. It can make someone forget everything when being aired since they concentrate so much on them without actually taking care of what they should be attending to at their time. It causes what we call zombie in children. They should be made to watch those programs that are good for them at all times. Care and control should be excised over the media access by the children as it will enable them get accessed to what is relevant to their age. There should also be those which are very educative so as to instill knowledge and creativity to them. This is very important as the children’s mind is very young and needs to be build-up in the appropriate manner. The kind of media access should be regulated to those which fits every person and the age limits of all the people so as to discourage the bad and disturbing networks and programs (Freedman, 2002). Children should be encouraged to watch good programs in television because they are educational as well as entertaining. Parents should choose the programs that are to be watched by their children. This is important as it will allow only good programs to be watched. Children should not be allowed programs and songs that may contain some sexual and violence scenes. Watching these programs may affect them later in their lives. Horror movies may make children terrified which may affect them negatively throughout their lives (Kirsh, 2006). Research has been conducted on the degree of violence before and after the introduction of television. It was found that after the introduction of television, people have become more violent. This is due to the exposure to the violent media. People tend to apply to their real life what was done on the movie. It may even make one to be remorseful when they do something bad. This is very bad and it injures the viewers yet it does suppose to be entertainment on their part. Applying such acts is very destructive to an individual and to other people as well as there has to be some one to fell the impact. People need to be educated about the contents of the media. There is need to inform them that its being acted by people like them and its meant for entertainment not to be implemented in real life situations. The films can be so divisive to the viewers and hence the power of information is important on the meaning of the media content so as no to affect the people psychologically (Bryant Oliver, 2009). Video game is another type of media violence that has a great effect on children. Most of the games that are produced have some form of violence in it and this may psychologically affect the young people. Researches that have been conducted shows that the children who play violent games are most likely to act violently. These are very serious situations to have the children exposed to. The games which are violent are supposed to be avoided by the children. Most of the children will start implementing such actions they have been playing with others on the streets so as to be seen as the most person who really knows how to do as it has been acted. This ends up being psychological torture to the concern persons hence there is need to adequately limit the access to such media by the children (Cesarone, 1994). Time should be planned well for children so as to avoid wasting too much of their productive time. They should be able to do school homework and have time with their family. They should also find some time to play with their friends. This will help them grow well and be physically fit. Parents should manage time for their children well. Time planning will also ensure that some programs which are irrelevant to children are not watched. In general TV is important to children and should be allowed to watch it. However, parents should control the programs in the television that their children watch. Parents should select the programs that she knows are helpful to their children. However programs which children may really want to watch should be considered if good they can be allowed (Gentile, 2003). Children should be encouraged to watch good programs in television because they are educational as well as entertaining. Parents should choose the programs that are to be watched by their children. This is important as it will allow only good programs to be watched. Children should not be allowed to watch programs and listen to songs which may contain some sexual and violence scenes. This instills a bad sexual behavior in the lives of people. This is the main cause the current state of marriage problems and high rate of divorce. The youths also are implementing such bad sexual behaviors and injuring one another for no appropriate reason (Preiss, 2007). There are several break-ups and misconducts which lead to devastating psychological problems. These psychological problems are hard to clean or clear up in the live of a person but ends up being a source of disturbance on the person all through his or her life. This is also the main source of making irrational decisions which are not helpful at all in our lives since people think and reason with emotions as a result of the psychological instability and torture. People even tend to fix their marriages as per the programs which they have watched. This is due to their lack of adequate knowledge on the relevance and the irrelevance of such scenes. The emotional pats are very disturbing and hence most people who watch them ends up getting carried away and in most cases, they also ask themselves questions as to the reasons why any ugly scene happened. This is a clear indication that it’s a real source of psychological disturbance on the individuals. There is therefore need for people to control what they watch and limit also their thoughts to entertainment not to be carried away by them and being violent. Watching these programs may affect them later in their lives. Horror movies may make children terrified which may affect them negatively throughout their lives (Kirsh, 2009). Conclusion It was found that after the introduction of television, people have become more violent. This is due to the exposure to the violent media. People tend to apply to their real lives what was done on the movie. It may even make one to be remorseful when they do something bad. Media violence is also aired in television and it negatively affects the young people. Exposure of young people to the media violence makes them to be more violent and this is highly seen when they become adults. Violence is the act of injuring and killing someone. Children can watch movies in the television that may influence them to kill or even get affected by the site of a dead person. There is need to adequately control what is being watched by people so as to avoid the psychological torture from such violent media. Video game is another type of media violence that has a great effect on people. Most of the games that are produced have some form of violence in it and this may psychologically affect the young people. There should be a means of counterchecking any form of game so that the children may not develop the same attitudes as what is being played. References Bryant, J. Oliver, M. B.(2009). Media effects: advances in theory and research. 3rd ed. Kentucky: Taylor Francis Cesarone, B. (1994). Video Games and Children. New York: Cengage Learning Freedman, J. L. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression: assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Gentile, D. A. (2003). Media violence and children: a complete guide for parents and professionals. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group Giles, D. (2003). Media psychology. New York: Routledge Kirsh, S. J. (2006). Children, adolescents, and media violence: a critical look at the research. New York: SAGE Publications Kirsh, S. J. (2009). Media and Youth: A Developmental Perspective. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ruben, B. D. (2006). Communication Yearbook. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers Perse, E. M. (2001). Media effects and society. New York: Routledge Preiss, R. W. (2007). Mass media effects research: advances through meta- analysis. London: Routledge Wilkins, L. Christians, C. G. (2009). The handbook of mass media ethics. New York: Taylor Francis

Impact of Dividend Announcement on Shareholder Value

Impact of Dividend Announcement on Shareholder Value Different studies suggest that dividend payment has no impact on share holder value in the absence of taxes and market imperfection. Whenever companies have surplus earning, they should invest it in projects having positive net present value. Another approach is that, the stock value depends upon expected future dividend of that stock. So companies must try to reflect a sustainable growth while announcing dividends. This study is to examine the impact of dividend announcement on shareholder value. This study is based on 17 dividend paying companies, listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. The result shows that investors did not gain from dividend announcement, but lost some value over a period of 30 days prior to dividend announcement through 20 days after ex-dividend date. Results of study is supporting the dividend irreverence hypothesis, that there is no benefit of shareholder in announcement of dividend. Literature Review: The ultimate objective of any corporate entity is to maximize the shareholder value. For the accomplishment of this objective, Finance managers take three kinds of important decisions. First two decisions are investment and financing decisions and the third one is regarding dividend payment to shareholders. Now the question is that whether the payment of dividend increases shareholder value or not. As dividend mean reward that shareholders already own in a corporation, so it is adjusted by decline in stock value (Porterfield 1959 and 1965). Generally shareholders prefer capital gain over cash dividend and the reason is tax pattern. Normally dividend is taxed at high rate as compared to the capital gain. So if we neglect the assumption of tax and other restrictions, then dividend announcement has no impact on shareholders value (Miller and Modigliani, 1961). Investors value a dollar of expected dividend more highly than a dollar of expected capital gain because the dividend yield component is less risky as compared to growth component. (Gorden 1963) If a firm pay the whole part of its earning as dividend then it is most possible that there will be shortage of funds for investment which may cause decrease in dividend in the future. Another related approach is that dividend announcement effect the market price of stocks because it carries the information of future cash flow of firm (Bhattacharya 1979, Baryosef and Huffman 1986). Shareholders have no benefit in the announcement of dividend. As the shares value falls from thirty days before announcement of dividend to thirty days after dividend announcement. But these losses are partially compensated by dividend yield in long run (Hamid Uddin, 2003). In some countries like Pakistan, companies are ranked on the basis of dividend payout and some rules by SECP also forced the companies to pay dividend. Considering the benefits of capital gain over cash dividend this is not a better approach at all (Dr. Ahmad Kaleem Chaudhary Salahuddin). The whole literature review is based on two ideologies. One is that the dividend announcement has a positive relationship with stock prices (Gordon 1963) and the second is that the dividend announcement has a negative relationship with stock prices (Bhattacharya 1979, Baryosef, Huffman 1986 and Hamid Uddin, 2003). The positive relationship between stock prices and dividend announcement is due to dividend information effect, while the negative relationship is because of tax effect. Introduction: Whenever a company generates profit, it either goes for reinvestment or pay dividend. If a company is going to pay dividend then it takes decision of whether to pay cash dividend or to buy back some of the existing stocks. The question is if a company has opportunity of investment in a project having positive net present value then why should company go for dividend? According to Irrelevance Theory by Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM) a firms dividend policy has no effect on shareholder value and cost of capital of that firm. The most important thing is the earning of a company nor the dividend policy or reinvestment plans. Assuming there are no taxes and brokerage costs. According to Porterfield (1959 and 1965) paying cash dividend means giving rewards to shareholders that is something they already own in a company. Hence this will offset by declining in the stock value. So paying dividend is not a good approach at all. According to Gorden (1963) investors prefer a dollar of present more than that of expected future one. Thats why companies should go for dividend instead of capital gain. All the theories regarding payment of cash dividend have their own approaches and directions. So the issue of whether paying cash dividend has any impact on shareholder value or not is still unresolved. In countries where dividend income is highly taxable as compared to capital gain, investors prefer capital gain over cash dividend. There is another face of picture, in countries like Pakistan where companies are ranked according to rate of dividend paid by them, companies normally prefer to pay cash dividend. In this study we have examined the effect of dividend announcement on shareholders value. To do so, we have selected 17 dividend paying companies from eight different sectors and use the methodology of Market Adjusted Abnormal Return (MAAR) and Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR). Methodology: To study the impact of dividend announcement on shareholder value, two measurement have been used. (i) Market Adjusted Abnormal Return (MAAR). (ii) Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR). MAAR indicates the relative daily percentage price change in the dividend paying stocks compared to the change in average market price. We use KSE 100 price index as proxy of average market price. MAAR is calculated as follows. MAARit = Rit-Rmt MAARit it is the market adjusted abnormal return for security i over time t. Rit is the time t return on secutiry I, calculated as (Pit – Pit-1)/Pit-1. Where, Pit is the market closing price of stock I on day t. Pit is the market closing price of stock I on day t-1. Rmt is the time t return on the KSE-100 price index calculated as (It-It-1)/It-1. Where. Iit is the market index on day t. It-1 is the market index on day t-1. The market adjusted abnormal return (MAAR) shows the change in individual stocks value due to the dividend announcement. As the percentage change in market index is deducted, the remainder gives us the portion of the value change, which is specific to that particular stock resulting from its dividend announcement. MAAR is calculated over a period starting to – 30 days to +20 days relative to the dividend announcement day (O-day). The second measure used is cumulative abnormal return (CAR), which measures the investor total return over a period starting from before the announcement of dividend to after the dividend announcement day. We use a 51 day window period starting from -30 day to + 20 day relative to the dividend announcement day (O-day). CAR is computed as follows. CARit = ∑MAARit CARt = ∑CARit Where CARit is cumulative abnormal return for security I and CARit is cumulative abnormal return for all securities. Similarly MAAR it is market adjusted abnormal return for security I for window period. After that all, the t-test suggested in Brown and Warner (1990, p251-252) is applied to test the significance of CARit and CARt. Sample Description: The sample includes 17 companies, from eight different sectors. All these companies are registered on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) and announced dividend between January 2009 and December 2009. Five companies are from banking sector, three from oil and gas, three from cement, two from chemical, one from Pharmaceutical, one from auto assembler, one from textile and again one from telecom sector. Table 1 is showing the names of companies with percentage of dividend announced by them in respective year. Empirical findings and analysis Market Adjusted Abnormal Return MAAR shows the change in individual stocks value due to the dividend announcement. As the percentage change in market index is deducted, the remainder gives us the portion of the value change, which is specific to that particular stock resulting from its dividend announcement. In this study, MAAR is calculated over a period starting to – 30 days to +20 days relative to the dividend announcement day on zero days. Cumulative Abnormal Return CAR which measures the investor total return over a period starting from before the announcement of dividend to after the dividend announcement day. Table 1 Sample Companies Sr. No Company Name Sector 1 Habib Bank Limited Banking 2 Allied Bank Limited Banking 3 National Bank of Pakistan Banking 4 United Bank Limited Banking 5 Bank AlFalah Limited Banking 6 OGDCL Oil and Gas 7 National Refinery Limited Oil and Gas 8 Pakistan State Oil Oil and Gas 9 Lucky Cement Cement 10 DG Cement Cement 11 Attock Cement Cement 12 ICI Pakistan ltd. Chemical 13 Engro Chemical Ltd Chemical 14 Highnoon Labortories ltd. Pharmaceutical 15 Indus Motor Company ltd. Auto Assembler 16 Nishat Mill ltd. Textile 17 Pakistan Telecom Co. Telecom Table 2 Dividend paid by different sectors in 2009 (Dividend in %age) Sector No of Companies Maximum Dividend Minimum Dividend Average Dividend Banking 5 66 25 28.5 Oil and Gas 3 125 25 67 Cement 3 40 Chemical 2 65 60 62.5 Pharmaceutical 1 25 25 25 Auto Assembler 1 100 100 100 Textile 1 20 20 20 Telecom 1 15 15 15 Table 3 Average MAAR for 51 days Days relative to Dividend Announcement Average MAAR -30 0.006995623 -29 -0.000286981 -28 0.005946367 -27 0.005136643 -26 0.005144653 -25 -0.004782532 -24 -0.005356564 -23 -0.002944433 -22 -0.01411987 -20 0.004907264 -19 0.00128167 -18 -0.00011111 -17 -0.001020032 -16 0.001673402 -15 0.000430173 -14 0.002846477 -13 -0.001693558 -12 0.002657397 -11 -0.016735807 -10 -0.013092062 -9 -0.005113378 -8 -0.000797798 -7 -0.015879282 -6 -0.005853397 -5 -0.006602591 -4 -0.010009299 -3 -0.002897751 -2 -0.009621279 -1 0.00260226 0 -0.007908932 1 0.005621832 2 -0.011260743 3 -0.001171285 4 -0.003236167 5 0.000455198 6 0.002713615 7 -0.002483024 8 0.006107779 9 -0.005986564 10 -0.006719537 11 -0.003661463 12 -0.00255736 13 0.001298415 14 -0.003020666 15 -0.013184736 16 -0.001647796 17 -0.000315768 18 0.006733917 19 -0.009766422 20 -0.000404328 Table 4 Cumulative Abnormal Return Company Name CARit Habib Bank Limited 0.007539 Allied Bank Limited -0.23825 National Bank of Pakistan -0.13679 United Bank Limited -0.56202 Bank AlFalah Limited -0.46642 OGDCL 0.077864 National Refinery Limited -0.17524 Pakistan State Oil 0.368848 Lucky Cement -0.14289 DG Cement -0.08247 Attock Cement -0.2001 ICI Pakistan ltd. 0.04316 Engro Chemical Ltd -0.32989 Highnoon Labortories ltd. 0.02233 Indus Motor Company ltd. -0.31301 Nishat Mill ltd. 0.09022 Pakistan Telecom Co. -0.13362 CARt -2.17073

Satan :: essays research papers

Apple has two lawsuits pending that involve rumor-tracking Web sites. In Apple Computer v. Doe No. 1, et al. (or Apple v. Does for short), the company is suing up to 25 unnamed individuals for misappropriation of trade secrets—specifically, leaking Apple’s confidential information about an unreleased audio product code-named â€Å"Asteroid† to Think Secret, AppleInsider, and Jason O’Grady’s PowerPage. As part of the discovery process, Apple obtained subpoenas for all three sites for any and all information related to â€Å"Asteroid,† including the identity of all people who leaked the information, or communications that might reveal said identities. None of the sites is a defendant in the Does suit, though Apple has made clear that they could be named as defendants if evidence shows that they knowingly published Apple’s trade secrets (and Think Secret is a defendant in a second lawsuit not related to â€Å"Asteroid†). Both Think Secret and AppleInsider have their own e-mail service, so obtaining information about their e-mail records and messages would require subpoenaing the sites themselves, invoking difficulties about journalist privileges. When Apple learned that PowerPage used an external e-mail provider, the company’s legal team found its path of least resistance. Nfox has gone beyond refusal to contest the subpoena—the ISP refused to promise O’Grady that it would not comply with the subpoena before appeals were exhausted. That’s when the Electronic Frontier Foundation, representing the three sites, went to court seeking a protective order on O’Grady’s behalf to prevent Nfox from turning over the information to Apple. On March 4, lawyers for Apple and for the three subpoenaed sites met in the San Jose courtroom of Superior Court Judge James P. Kleinberg. They were arguing over the sites’ motion for a protective order barring Nfox from honoring Apple’s subpoenas. It was an uphill battle, because one day earlier, Judge Kleinberg tentatively ruled in Apple’s favor. On March 11, the Judge formalized his preliminary decision, denying the motion for the protective order, leaving Nfox free to honor Apple’s subpoenas and turn over all information from O’Grady’s e-mail related to â€Å"Asteroid,† including that which may identify the person who sent it to the sites. In the 13-page ruling, Kleinberg essentially told the three sites (the ones who moved to have the subpoenas quashed, hence their reference as movants in the decision) that their status as journalists does not matter—if they had Pulitzer Prizes, they’d still have to honor the subpoenas. Trade Secrets

Research About Students with Parents Working Abroad Essay

Tool. A person or a thing used to accomplish another’s purposes, to convey, & somebody who is manipulated to carry out tasks. It also refers to the process of how the data of this study is gathered & collected. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Spirituality. The quality or condition of being spiritual. It also refers to the subject of the study which is one of the many roles that a nurse has, & it is relentlessly provided to the appropriate respondents. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Hospital. An institution where people receive medical, surgical, or psychiatric treatment and nursing care. It also refers to the location of the study conducted. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Experience. Knowledge or skill gained through being involved in or exposed to something over a period of time. It is used as the extent of the respondent’s awareness. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Practice. To work in a profession, especially law or medicine. Refers to the respondent’s profession which is adopted in the study. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Patient. Somebody who receives medical treatment. It is the respondents in the SACH which is given spirituality care by the nurse respondents. It also refers to one of the subjects of the study. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Demographic Data. The characteristics of a human population or part of it, especially its size, growth, density, distribution, and statistics regarding birth, marriage, disease, and death. In this study it refers to the number of respondents in SACH that is to be used in the study. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Level of Awareness. Relating to or having knowledge of something from having observed it or been told about it. In this study, it represents the total number of correctness of the respondents to the answers in the provided questionnaires on their level of awareness about spiritual care in both nurses & patients in SACH.

Primal Fear Essay

Primal Fear (1996) is a film adaptation of William Diehl’s novel; it is a story about an altar boy portrayed by Edward Norton who is allegedly accused with murder of a city archbishop. Richard Gere was the defense attorney who holds his case. Martin Vail (Gere) is a well-known defense attorney in Chicago who seizes the opportunity to represent Aaron Stampler (Norton), a young altar boy who is charged with the city’s archbishop’s murder, in order to get some exposure. Stampler was caught during a foot chase right after the archbishop’s killing with his clothes drenched in blood. Frances McDormand (Molly Arlington) is the psychologist who examined Stampler for the court. Stampler stated to be present at the time of the killing of the archbishop, although he declared that someone in the room do the killing whereas he had a blackout or as he says he had a â€Å"lost time†. In the beginning Vail was only interested in the publicity and media hype that the case will create in his career, but then as the story goes he is determined to prove that his client is really innocent and above suspicion. He also believed that every defendant ought to have an experienced defense just like him. As the story progresses, Vail happened to get hold of data about the influential community leaders, together with the District Attorney, undergone a real estate investment wherein they lost millions because of the Archbishop who discontinue to develop certain land property of the church. And as a result the archbishop constantly received death threats. Vail also discovered that the altar boys, including Stampler were sexually exploited by the archbishop. Together with his (Stampler) girlfriend, Linda, the archbishop told them to have sex while the latter filmed them. Vail presented this data, along with the video tape as evidence. He figured out that it would create a sympathetic and approving impression to the jury for Stampler and would help them to win the case. However, the trial does not progress agreeably for the defense, since there is substantial proof of evidence against Stampler. In addition, the people judgment considers him roughly without a doubt guilty. On one occasion Vail confronts Stampler and charge him of being a liar, Aaron breaks down and transforms into a new personality who identifies himself as â€Å"Roy. Different from the meek and modest Aaron, Roy is an aggressive individual. He admitted that he is the one who murdered the archbishop and hurls Vail against the wall, that wounded him. Subsequent to the incident, Aaron has no memory of it. The psychiatric specialist examining Aaron’s behavior believes he have a medical condition called multiple personality disorder. However, as they are by currently in the middle of the court case, they cannot change the appeal to not guilty by grounds of insanity. Therefore, Vail makes a decision to put up an argument at the hearing. When harshly cross-examined by the prosecutor, Janet Venable, who is an ex-girlfriend of Vail, Aaron becomes Roy and attacked at her, threatening to break her neck if anyone approaches him. Court marshals were able to calm Aaron down and returned him back to his cell. From what had happened, Aaron’s evident mental illness, which is now apparent to the jury, the judge dismisses the case and ordered that Aaron will be sent to a mental institution wherein he will remain under assessment, and to receive therapy for his illness then will possibly be released in due course. In the closing scene of the film, Vail went to see Aaron to inform him this information. Aaron remembers nothing of what occurred in the courtroom, experiencing once more â€Å"lost time. † After hearing the judge’s decision that he will probably be freed soon, Aaron embraced him with extreme gratefulness. Although, as Vail is on his way out of the cell, Aaron asks him to say to Ms. Venable that he hopes that her neck is okay, which is not what would Aaron be supposed to have remember and recall if he had â€Å"lost time. † When Vail took into account what Stampler had said, he questioned the boy about it. Stampler hesitant at first, begin to clapped his hand and congratulate his lawyer for discovering his secret. He then admits that he was only acting as an insane person right from the start. Aaron/Roy said that there never was an Aaron; he also added that Aaron was his invented persona, and that he is really Roy all along. Stampler further declared to have slaughtered the archbishop, and even Linda, his girlfriend. Taken aback and disappointed from what he heard Vail walks out of the cell room, with Roy nastily annoyed him from his chamber. The mental disorder that was acted upon by the actor Edward Norton/Aaron Stampler is called Dissociative Personality Disorder or DID. Formerly identified as the Multiple Personality Disorder or MPD, it is referred to as a mental disorder involving dissociation of the self wherein the self becomes divided into two or more distinct personalities each with their separate thoughts, characteristics and memories. As with the movie, Edward Norton possess a second character with whom he called Roy. Alternation of control by the personalities can also be seen in a MPD person. It is when a bodily control and access to consciousness switches between the personalities, although some may be more dominant than others and thus spend more time in control. In the movie Roy is the dominant personality of Aaron. The identities or personality state, sometimes called alters, self-states, alter identities, or parts, among other terms, differ from one another in that each presents as having its own individuality proportional to the continuing pattern of perception, connecting to, and view about the surroundings and identity. Amnesia and unconscious barriers between personalities are also apparent. There may be a mutual or one-way lack of conscious awareness and memory access between personalities. Some may experience ‘blackouts’ or lost time when others take control, some can be directly aware of other personalities’ existence, thoughts and memories. In the case of Aaron, he said to his lawyer, Richard Gere/Martin Vail that he was there when the bishop was killed but then he wasn’t able to see the killer because he blacked out and was lost in time. Clinical manifestations of DID can be perplexing and harrowing for a therapist. Switching of personalities may produce diverse physical appearances such as strikingly different facial expressions; permutations in posture and body language, change in handedness, different hair styles, and reversals in out-ward gender presentation, significant weight gain or loss over short periods of time, and voice changes. Alternate personalities may demonstrate the behaviors that manifest their perceptions of themselves. They may speak in different accents and even different languages; their handwriting may be different; some may be creative in different arts, others not at all; and some may be male, others female in their self-perceptions, life histories and dress. In Aaron’s case while he was being harshly crossed-examined by the prosecutor Janet Venable/Laura Linney, Roy was able to come out into his personality. His behavior changed from being a meek person into an aggressive individual one. His tone of voice was loud and angry rather than modest and reserved as what Aaron is. To diagnose a person with a dissociative personality the DSM-IV-TR are used by therapists in order for them to identify if the person really suffers the said mental illness. There should be an existence of two or more distinctive characteristics or personalities; there is also should be at least two of these personalities periodically are in charge of the person’s behavior. As well as, the inability to remember personal information that cannot be accounted for ordinary forgetfulness and the disturbance is not a cause of physiological results of a substance such as the alcoholic beverages (Kluft & Fine, 1993). Clinical studies report female to male ratios between 5:1 and 9:1 for diagnosed cases. Etiology of this mental illness is strongly linked to severe experiences of early childhood trauma, usually maltreatment and abuses and about 85 to 97 percent of cases are the reported rates of severe childhood trauma. Physical and sexual abuses are the most frequently reported sources of childhood trauma. In the film, Aaron was sexually abused by the bishop, and he also experienced physical abuses from his father when he was young, which may have been the cause why an alter personality of Roy emerge in time when the bishop was killed. It was further described that dissociation as an unconscious defense mechanism in which a group of mental activities split off from the main stream of consciousness and function as a separate unit. The purpose of dissociation as what Aaron and Roy did in the film is to take memory or emotion that is associated with a trauma. It is a creative way of keeping the unacceptable out of the picture, it is to keep the secrets and constantly learn to get used to the environment, a lifesaving defense. It also maintains the attachment to the abuser and permit strong, sometimes contradicting, emotions to be kept in separate compartments of the mentality. Many said that DID could be faked, they claimed it is only the way a person will make in order for him to avoid responsibilities and stress. Evidences stated that some criminal offenders used this mental illness as their defense in order to escape the verdict that the law will give to them, as what Aaron said to Vail. However, a number of studies shown that DID cannot be faked. Wherein, the changes in Aaron to Roy’s persona is hard to act as what S. D. Miller concluded in his study that optical changes, including measures of visual perception, apparent refraction, and eye muscle stability which are unconsciously differ when an alter emerge are hard to fake. Nowadays, up-to-date EEG and MRI can also be used because it shows the changes in brain function when one personality switches into another. A number of subsequent studies confirm that various alters have unique psychophysiological profiles. Various treatments are now used to cure DID such as Psychotherapy, Cognitive Therapy, Hypnosis, Psychopharmacological Interventions Other therapies are Electroconvulsive Therapy, Group Therapy, and Family Therapy.

The Wiggles as a Popular Culture Essay Example

The Wiggles as a Popular Culture Essay Example The Wiggles as a Popular Culture Paper The Wiggles as a Popular Culture Paper The Wiggles are a childrens music and entertainment group consisting of four members who formed in Sydney in 1991. The original members were Anthony Field, Murray Cook, Greg Page and Jeff Fatt. Before the formation of the group, Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches with Page being a roadie, and met Cook at Macquarie University where they were studying to become pre-school teachers. Together, they formed The Wiggles. Using connections gained from The Cockroaches, The Wiggles first manager Jeremy Fabinyi negotiated with the ABC to air The Wiggles TV show. This program essentially promoted their first album and tour, launching The Wiggles careers. The Wiggles, due to the development of technology such as television and the internet, have globalised into an internationally recognised franchise. By definition, a popular culture has four characteristics; they are associated with commercial products, develop from a local to international scale, allow consumers to have widespread access to it, and are constantly changing and evolving. The Wiggles can be classified as a popular culture due to its conforming to these characteristics. The group conforms to these characteristics by having much ssociated paraphernalia, such as albums and posters, has developed into an international franchise which tours the world, allows consumers widespread access to The Wiggles products, and is changing and evolving in order to benefit the children of the present day society. Advances In technology have allowed social and cultural studies to become more In-depth. Such studies have highlighted the importance of childrens social and cultural experiences linked with their literacy development. Children who participated In the watching of programs such as The Wiggles were noted within these studies to have higher literacy rates at the start of heir primary schooling than children who didnt. This has enabled The Wiggles to have status In the early childhood education Industry due to the childrens stimulation of their creative senses, while also making the learning process enjoyable for the child. This therefore has a positive effect on the young Individual In the present as well as the future, as well as The Wiggles being viewed In a positive manner by consumers and members of society because of this Influence on children. The Wiggles are so successful because of their positive Influence on childrens lives nd the satisfaction that adults receive from being aware of the educational value behind the program. This can be obviously demonstrated through the long-running creative programs aired on televlslon with such popularity that The Wiggles have become known around the world. This has made them an International franchise and allowed the company to expand Into other associated products and programs such as live performance shows and recorded albums. The products of this popular culture are aimed at a specific target market. Primary consumers of The Wiggles are young children but the major purchasers of associated products and paraphernalia re the childrens parents and adults. There Is no dlvlde In the consumption of this popular cultures associated products In relation to gender, although the group previously consisted of four males, as well as many of the associated characters being male. This recently changed In 2012 when a female Wiggle was Introduced, before, therefore giving The Wiggles the opportunity to expand their market even more. Despite the positive change of introducing a female Wiggle in order to make the childrens program more appealing to both genders, uproar has occurred resulting in a backlash over the internet. Social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter have seen The Wiggles pages slandered by the secondary consumers of this popular culture, being parents, due to the introduction of this new yellow Wiggle. This has created a now somewhat negative attitude towards The Wiggles due to the rejection of this change. Due to the growing online shopping market, the purchasing of The Wiggles paraphernalia has become simpler due to the ease of access for consumers to these products. Such paraphernalia includes costumes, albums and television series, computer games, toys, books, bags and stationery. This market has allowed the expansion of The Wiggles market due to the vast number of people who have access to such technology as the internet. Over the 22 years of which The Wiggles have been an entertainment source on the television for young children, the philosophy of the group, being that of healthy eating, dancing and singing, has not changed. A reason why The Wiggles are so well-known within the present society is due to this trusted source of creative early childhood education being conveyed to the audience through different media outlets. This creates a positive perception of this popular culture within many consumers eyes.

How to Use the Metric System in Spanish

How to Use the Metric System in Spanish You may speak Spanish well, but if youre talking to typical Spaniards or Latin Americans using inches, cups, miles, and gallons, chances are they wont understand you well even if they know words such as pulgadas and millas. With a few exceptions- among ​them, Spanish speakers inside the United States- Spanish speakers throughout the world use the metric system of measurements in everyday life. Although local or indigenous measurements are in use in some places, and American/British measurements are occasionally used for some specific instances (gasoline is sold by the gallon in some parts of Latin America, for example), the metric system is universally understood in the Spanish-speaking world. The metric system has widespread usage even in Puerto Rico, even though it is a U.S. territory. British Measurements and Their Metric Equivalents in Spanish Here are the most common British measurements and their metric equivalents in Spanish and English: Length (Longitud) 1 centimeter (centà ­metro) 0.3937 inches (pulgadas)1 inch (pulgada) 2.54 centimeters (centà ­metros)1 foot (pie) 30.48 centimeters (centà ­metros)1 foot (pie) 0.3048 meters (metros)1 yard (yarda) 0.9144 meters (metros)1 meter (metro) 1.093613 yards (yardas)1 kilometer (kilà ³metro) 0.621 miles (millas)1 mile (milla) 1.609344 kilometers (kilà ³metros) Weight (Peso) 1 gram (gramo) 0.353 ounces (onzas)1 ounce (onza) 28.35 grams (gramos)1 pound (libra) 453.6 grams (gramos)1 pound (libra) 0.4563 kilograms (kilogramos)1 kilogram (kilogramo) 2.2046 pounds (libras)1 American ton (tonelada americana) 0.907 metric tons (toneladas mà ©tricas)1 metric ton (tonelada mà ©trica) 1.1 metric tons (toneladas mà ©tricas) Volume/capacity (volumen/capacidad) 1 milliliter (mililitro) 0.034 fluid ounces (onzas fluidas)1 milliliter (mililitro) 0.2 teaspoons (cucharaditas)1 fluid ounce (onza fluida) 29.6 milliliters (mililitros)1 teaspoon (cucharadita) 5 milliliters (mililitros)1 cup (taza) 0.24 liters (litros)1 quart (cuarto) 0.95 liters (litros)1 liter (litro) 4.227 cups (tazas)1 liter (litro) 1.057 quarts (cuartos)1 liter (litro) 0.264 U.S. gallons (galones americanos)1 U.S. gallon (galà ³n americano) 3.785 liters (litros) Area (superficie) 1 square centimeter (centà ­metro cuadrado) 0.155 square inches (pulgadas cuadradas)1 square inch (pulgada cuadrada) 6.4516 square centimeters (centà ­metros cuadrados)1 square foot (pie cuadrado) 929 square centimeters (centà ­metros cuadrados)1 acre (acre) 0.405 hectares (hectreas)1 hectare (hectrea) 2.471 acres (acres)1 square kilometer (kilà ³metro cuadrado) 0.386 square miles (millas cuadradas)1 square mile (milla cuadrada) 2.59 square kilometers (kilà ³metros cuadrados) Of course, mathematical accuracy isnt always necessary. For example, if you remember that a kilogram is a bit more than 2 pounds and a liter is a bit more than a quart, thats close enough for many purposes. And if youre driving, remember that a speed-limit sign that says 100 kilà ³metros por hora means you shouldnt be driving more than 62 miles per hour. Sample Spanish Sentences Involving Measurements  ¿Realmente necesitamos 2 litros de agua al dà ­a? (Do we really need 2 liters of water per day?) El hombre ms grande del mundo tenà ­a 2 metros 29 de estatura y un peso de 201 kilogramos. (The tallest man in the world had a height of 2.29 meters and a weight of 201 kilograms.) El territorio mexicano abarca una superficie de 1.960.189 kilà ³metros cuadrados sin contar sus islas o mares. (The Mexican territory covers an area of 1,960,189 square kilometers not counting its islands or seas.) La velocidad de la luz en el vacà ­o es una constante universal con el valor 299.792.458 metros por segundo. (The speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant with a value of 299,792,458 meters per second.) Los hoteles de esta zona deben tener la habitacià ³n doble de 12 metros cuadrados mà ­nimo. (Hotels in this zone should have double rooms of at least 12 square meters in area.) La diferencia de 10 centà ­metros no se percibe ni importa. (The difference of 10 centimeters is neither noticeable nor important.) Hay casi 13,000 kilà ³metros entre Londres y Johannesburgo. (There are almost 13,000 kilometers between London and Johannesburg.) Key Takeaways All Spanish-speaking countries use the metric system, although British and indigenous measurements sometimes have specialized uses.Outside the United States, most native Spanish speakers are unfamiliar with everyday British measures even if they understand what the words mean.The Spanish words for metric units are very similar to the corresponding English words.

Using language translation services and patient outcomes Essay

Using language translation services and patient outcomes - Essay Example Language translation service is the mechanism that most organizations use to translate information from one language to another. However, most organizations have different perception relating to the language translation service. For instance, health centers are the likely places that can employ this service because it serves individuals from every corner of the world, and these people speak different languages. However, not all health centers use this mechanism in their workplaces. There is those that find the mechanism challenging and not reliable means of communication between the patient and the nurses or doctors (Anderman & Rogers, 2003). On the other hand, there are hospitals that are providing this technique of language translation service in their organizations. With the difference from language translation service, the two types of health centers are currently operating differently in terms of service provision to their clients. For the case of the of the health centers that are using the language translation service, they are attending to patients from across the world who speak different languages. It is because of the aid of the language translation mechanism. On the other hand, the health centers that are not using the service are mostly treating the local patients. That is, the patients who use English as their first language (Schaffner, 2000). However, the use or misuse of the service between the two kinds of health centers has its own merits and demerits. However, the research shows that, the health center that uses the language translation services have more advantages as compared to the one that does not use the language translation service. The research explains this through analyzing the flow of patients to the two kinds of health centers within a particular period. Service translation is the process of translating a message from one language to the other. Health centers are social places that all are

Murder by death Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Murder by death - Movie Review Example If it is the fact that he is not really murdered, ultimately Twain’s superiority as a detective over the detective celebrities, as he claims before the assembly of the detectives in his house. Therefore, Twain’s hold on the whole scheme of plot of the movie clearly indicates that he is the main suspect behind his own murder. Even though Dick Charlton appears in such a way, which unexpectedly asserts that he is the only person, who is motivated strongly enough to commit the crime of murder, in no way he can be associated with the murder. If a prying eye is focused deep into the actions that he performs during the assembly in the millionaire Lionel Twain’s home, one will necessarily be convinced that he is the only character who is mentally powerful, whereas other characters are too busy with their own oddities to be engaged with the intention of murder. The strong motive evolves from his ego, as he speaks of Twain’s suicide, â€Å"The motive is simple: ego. If we were not to solve this crime, he would indeed be named the worlds foremost detective. And with an ego like his, the fact that he had to die for it would be a small price to pay† (Simon, Murder by Death). Charleston’s evaluation of Twain is true to some extent, but it is flawed on the point that Twain’s motive i s to be the greatest detective of the world. At the news of the butler’s death Charlton does not get the opportunity to go the kitchen. As a result he does not get the opportunity to have the butcher’s knife with which Twain was killed. So Charleston is out of suspicion. One of the characters, Monsieur Perrier’s motive and opportunities are analyzed, he, in no way, can be taken into account as the assumed murderer of Twain. Perrier got the opportunity to go to investigate the butler’s death. They found butler dead. The key that he

Discussion Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Paper - Assignment Example In economics terms, scarcity is referred to as the lack of sufficient factors of production needed in the production of certain goods and services. Economists maintain that scarcity exists on economy-wide bases. For e.g. Individuals want many things for consumption but they have to go without some. Businesses have a choice of buying certain equipment in which they have to make a choice and go for the best option. Similarly, economies face scarcity when they decide to produce certain good with finite resources and forego the others. The concept with which these choices are made is called â€Å"Opportunity Costs†. This is a basic principle concerning scarcity. The concept holds that opportunity cost is giving up the next best alternative for the best and most rational choice. Similarly, trade-offs is another option to counter scarcity, so as exchange and international trade. In this class, we expect that we will be given certain tools and techniques that will help us manage the problem of scarcity and will help us deal with it in the most efficient manner. This will minimize the impact of scarcity and help us make rational choice given the quantities of finite factors of production at our hand. Equilibrium means balance and where there is no tendency to change. Market equilibrium is a situation where the plans of buyers meet the plans of suppliers at a particular price and hence there is no tendency to change as it will bring about varying outcomes from the perspective of both buyers and sellers. Therefore, it is the price at which a certain quantity of goods is supplied and bought and where a market is working efficiently. An example of how a change in demand resulted in change in price can be taken from oil industry. From 2000 onwards, the global economy experienced a boom. As a result, demand for oil started increasing exponentially. This resulted in increase in oil prices and oil prices reached near to $140/barrel in the first half of

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the evolution of management principle from the Classical School to the present and further compare, contrast, and relate different schools of management theory and management practices. Evolution of management principle from the Classical School to the present There are several theories originating from different principles throughout history which have seen management from their own point of view. These theories appeared due to the revolutionary development that has happened throughout history and not because they were planned. Management theories are broadly classified into three which are the classical management theory, the neoclassical management theory and the modern management theory. The classical management theory, which is also referred to as the traditional school of management, consists of a group that has similar ideas on organizational management which evolved from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. This theory evolved due to the In dustrial Revolution and consists of three branches, which are the administrative principles, bureaucratic organization, and scientific management. The common aspects of these theories under the classical management theory is that they all put an emphasis on the economic rational of management and organization, which assumes that individuals at work are motivated by economic factors and would normally choose that which will give them the greatest monetary benefits. The scientific management was championed in 1911 by Frederick Tailor, who is considered to be the father of scientific management; he emphasized on time and motion studies, production maximization, and task specialization. Taylor argued that other schools of thought leave workers too much discretion, and their potential at the workplace is not being maximized. Taylor argues that despite the fact that there is specialization and division of labor, employees still retain discretion on how to perform tasks. Scientific managem ent theory was designed so as to put management in control, designing and using studies that are scientifically measured while focusing on the most efficient work methods and then organizing and controlling workers to ensure maximum efficiency (Giannantonio & Hurley, 2011).This method had four elements where each job had to be broken down into elements and where each element is assigned a scientific way of handling it. Workers then would be selected and trained on how to do a task in a specific way, and there should also be good coordination between the managers and workers, and finally, there should be division of labor. He believed that this would determine the most efficient way of doing work. This method was challenged as there is no best way of doing work, and by the fact that there are also other factors other than money that affect productivity, like social needs, esteem and security needs. As the scientific management pioneers tried to find the best way of doing things, the administrative principle pioneers tried to explore possibilities of the best ways of pulling jobs together and operating the organization; they tried to find the best way of running an organization. This theory was championed by Henry Fayol, who introduced the principles of management which are fundamental functions of all managers; they include planning,

Given the recent ethnic violence in Myanmar, how can ASEAN enhance its Essay

Given the recent ethnic violence in Myanmar, how can ASEAN enhance its cooperation with a view to avoiding or mediating ethnic tensions in its member states in the future - Essay Example This study attempts to take an in depth analysis of this issues so as to explain the root causes of such conflicts, reviews the policies available and generate the possible alternative policies which can address this issue. The prevailing policies do not address the issues of how the member governments of ASEAN should resolve or avoid conflicts within their states (MacQueen, 2012). The Burmese government has tried to curb these conflicts by coming up with â€Å"seven steps road map† but this has proved not to work since the ethnic clashes are still ongoing (Lall, 2009). The Myanmar’s government needs to come up with alternative policies which will enhance cohesion among the member communities. Some of these alternatives include steps like encouraging dialogue among all the stake holders in the Burma state. It may also involve power sharing among the ethnic communities, enhancing democracy and justice to all with absolute fairness. This can be achieved through a genuine devolved system of governance that enhances autonomy to all the ethnic communities in Myanmar (Bray, 1992) I recommend the policy of establishing a devolved government. Burma has been in the military rule for over two decades. All the ethnic communities need to feel included and accepted in the government, they need to feel part of the policy makers and patriotic in the way they relate among each other at a national level. These ethnic groups need an assurance that their autonomy and identity will be upheld by supporting the government rather than opposing it (Brown, 1999). Myanmar has just recovered from the military rule that has been in control for over two decades (Lall, 2009). The new president Thein Sein will help the country to grow economically at a great pace. However, the ethnic conflicts are posing a serious challenge to the nation’s economic growth (Smith, 1994). The most recent is where the government forces conflicted with

The Marketing Macroenvironment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Marketing Macroenvironment - Essay Example This is defined as one of the central ideas and concepts of marketing (Moore and Pareek 2006). But what is marketing exactly? Well, for one, marketing as a word has many definitions. For the common and layman’s terms, it is associated with selling or advertising. However, it has more meanings to it than that. For one, it is the process of creating, distributing, promoting and pricing goods, services or ideas in order to foster a satisfying relationship between manufacturers or other sources of goods, and the customers (Pride and Ferrell 2012). Also, one of its goals is to maintain this relationship as favorable as possible in order to facilitate more exchanges, not just with the buying customers but also other stakeholders as well, This would include other people that may not be necessarily buying the goods or services, but have financial input in the product or firm. This may also include people that do not have any direct interaction with the company itself, but may have pot ential as customers or stakeholders in the future. Another definition of marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association in 2005 as: â€Å"an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders† (Ries and Trout 2006). Also, in the realm of marketing, it is said that the customer holds the key as to whether the company or firm would be able to thrive or even become successful in terms of profits and development. Therefore, in order to become successful, a firm or company must be able to give satisfaction to their customers, and this lasting positive relationship between them would define the company as a whole (Silk 2006). The whole concept of marketing has many aspects as well as other deciding factors in the course of action of a firm or company. These would very well depend on the marketing environment. It is defined as the environment surrounding a company and its organization which can have an effect on its profits or even its reputation (Petzer, et al. 2006). For example, in the law of supply and demand, if there is low supply and a large demand, all competing companies would have a chance to create relationships to all customers, and by creating better services than the competition would make the company successful. However, if there is a large supply coming in from different competing groups of companies, the competition would be tougher since there would be more opponents to face, as well as the large market being divided among the competitors. Thus, being able to stand out among the rest would really make or break the company as a whole, as compared to only having a few competitors at hand (Petzer, et al. 2006). The marketing environment also has different factors that can affect it. These can be either be the microenviroment or the macroenvironment. The microenvironment is found in the company organization itself. The influence of the organization

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the evolution of management principle from the Classical School to the present and further compare, contrast, and relate different schools of management theory and management practices. Evolution of management principle from the Classical School to the present There are several theories originating from different principles throughout history which have seen management from their own point of view. These theories appeared due to the revolutionary development that has happened throughout history and not because they were planned. Management theories are broadly classified into three which are the classical management theory, the neoclassical management theory and the modern management theory. The classical management theory, which is also referred to as the traditional school of management, consists of a group that has similar ideas on organizational management which evolved from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. This theory evolved due to the In dustrial Revolution and consists of three branches, which are the administrative principles, bureaucratic organization, and scientific management. The common aspects of these theories under the classical management theory is that they all put an emphasis on the economic rational of management and organization, which assumes that individuals at work are motivated by economic factors and would normally choose that which will give them the greatest monetary benefits. The scientific management was championed in 1911 by Frederick Tailor, who is considered to be the father of scientific management; he emphasized on time and motion studies, production maximization, and task specialization. Taylor argued that other schools of thought leave workers too much discretion, and their potential at the workplace is not being maximized. Taylor argues that despite the fact that there is specialization and division of labor, employees still retain discretion on how to perform tasks. Scientific managem ent theory was designed so as to put management in control, designing and using studies that are scientifically measured while focusing on the most efficient work methods and then organizing and controlling workers to ensure maximum efficiency (Giannantonio & Hurley, 2011).This method had four elements where each job had to be broken down into elements and where each element is assigned a scientific way of handling it. Workers then would be selected and trained on how to do a task in a specific way, and there should also be good coordination between the managers and workers, and finally, there should be division of labor. He believed that this would determine the most efficient way of doing work. This method was challenged as there is no best way of doing work, and by the fact that there are also other factors other than money that affect productivity, like social needs, esteem and security needs. As the scientific management pioneers tried to find the best way of doing things, the administrative principle pioneers tried to explore possibilities of the best ways of pulling jobs together and operating the organization; they tried to find the best way of running an organization. This theory was championed by Henry Fayol, who introduced the principles of management which are fundamental functions of all managers; they include planning,

The Marketing Macroenvironment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Marketing Macroenvironment - Essay Example This is defined as one of the central ideas and concepts of marketing (Moore and Pareek 2006). But what is marketing exactly? Well, for one, marketing as a word has many definitions. For the common and layman’s terms, it is associated with selling or advertising. However, it has more meanings to it than that. For one, it is the process of creating, distributing, promoting and pricing goods, services or ideas in order to foster a satisfying relationship between manufacturers or other sources of goods, and the customers (Pride and Ferrell 2012). Also, one of its goals is to maintain this relationship as favorable as possible in order to facilitate more exchanges, not just with the buying customers but also other stakeholders as well, This would include other people that may not be necessarily buying the goods or services, but have financial input in the product or firm. This may also include people that do not have any direct interaction with the company itself, but may have pot ential as customers or stakeholders in the future. Another definition of marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association in 2005 as: â€Å"an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders† (Ries and Trout 2006). Also, in the realm of marketing, it is said that the customer holds the key as to whether the company or firm would be able to thrive or even become successful in terms of profits and development. Therefore, in order to become successful, a firm or company must be able to give satisfaction to their customers, and this lasting positive relationship between them would define the company as a whole (Silk 2006). The whole concept of marketing has many aspects as well as other deciding factors in the course of action of a firm or company. These would very well depend on the marketing environment. It is defined as the environment surrounding a company and its organization which can have an effect on its profits or even its reputation (Petzer, et al. 2006). For example, in the law of supply and demand, if there is low supply and a large demand, all competing companies would have a chance to create relationships to all customers, and by creating better services than the competition would make the company successful. However, if there is a large supply coming in from different competing groups of companies, the competition would be tougher since there would be more opponents to face, as well as the large market being divided among the competitors. Thus, being able to stand out among the rest would really make or break the company as a whole, as compared to only having a few competitors at hand (Petzer, et al. 2006). The marketing environment also has different factors that can affect it. These can be either be the microenviroment or the macroenvironment. The microenvironment is found in the company organization itself. The influence of the organization

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay Example for Free

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay Eight years wasted. That is the description that befits the George W. Bush administration of the United States between 2001 and 2008. Nevertheless, this is not a case of unfair criticism of the Bush administration, as noted by Republican Senator John McCain who served in Bush’s era (Curl). According to McCain as he campaigned for the presidency in 2008, Bush spent a lot of the United States’ resources on the war in Iraq, which consequently led to a massive economic downturn (Curl). The most obvious impacts of Bush’s actions are reflected in the changes in rate of unemployment, inflation, money supply in the United States, and shifts in foreign exchange rates as well as interest rates (National Organization for Women). Unemployment The rate of unemployment has particularly been worrying since the period between 2000 and 2001 when Bush took the leadership of the United States (OECD). According to Shi and Stevens, the rate of unemployment has been fluctuating rapidly since 2000 when it was about 4. 0 percent (59). Within over a year of Bush’s leadership, the unemployment rate shot up to 5. 8 per cent in 2002 (59). Women and their families were particularly affected by the high rate of unemployment, as they would rarely make ends meet at the start of the Bush administration. In fact, according to the National Organization for Women, the year 2001 marked the period of massive job loss among women in over 40 years (National Organization for Women). Along this line, the Institute for Womens Policy Research reported that in the period between 2001 and 2004, women workers lost over 300,000 jobs (National Organization for Women). In the same breadth, unemployment rates among single mothers rose of an already bad situation of 9. 5 per cent to a worse level of 10. 2 per cent (National Organization for Women). Statistics from GPO Access show a grim picture of the increasing levels of unemployment since the year 2000 when the United States presidential election that ushered in President George Bush was held. In the figures provided, overall civilian unemployment rate fluctuated from 4. 0 per cent in 2000 to 6. 7 percent in November 2008, which marked the end of the Bush administration (Table 1). Along the same line, the same trend in unemployment rate was noticed among different age groups, fa Another aspect of the Bush administration’s failure is an uncontrolled increase in inflation. At the beginning of the Bush administration in 2001, there was a notable decline in the prices of all items and services as compared to the preceding year. Perhaps this was because of the effort by Bush to fulfill campaign promises. The truth of the matter is that after 2001, the prices of all items went up, declining only slightly in 2003. Since then, there was a notable fluctuation in the prices but overall, the prices remained at an all time high. In fact, the 4. 1 per cent change in price of items (Table 2) was the highest margin to have been recorded since the 6. 1 per cent rate recorded in 1990 at the height of the Gulf War (Irwin and Dan. ). The high prices of commodities and services noticed during the Bush Administration not only affected the financial positions of many families but also influenced the people’s access to essential services such as healthcare (Atkinson and Hutto). According to Hanke, the 2003 United States census showed that any family of three lived on a mean of $51 a day. This figure was arrived at using an assumption that childcare and healthcare services were fully financed by the government (United States Department of Labor). Nevertheless, this was not the case for most families, as they had to rely on their own means to support themselves. In the context of high cost of commodities and services and with particular reference to childcare and healthcare services, many families had to spend as much as over 20 per cent of their incomes in pursuit of these services (Robinson). According the New York Times, the Bush administration cut funding programs for many essential programs such as childcare, which were particularly appropriate for single parent households (The High Cost of Health Care). This move was done as the administration aimed at improving and expanding other unpopular programs such as promotion of marriage (United States Bureau of Statistics). However, the downside of this point is that as focus was shifted to newer programs, the already existing programs suffered an even heavier blow in terms of the exorbitant costs that had to be incurred (The High Cost of Health Care). According to Shi and Gregory, the highest number of individual without healthcare services was recorded in 2003 (60). This is because most attention was diverted to acquisition of other essential commodities and services such as food and housing (The High Cost of Health Care). Yet president Bush still insisted on funding the war to oust President Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. This action can be considered as a case of misplaced priority because whereas President Bush was busy pursuing the United States foreign policy, local affairs (which perhaps needed more attention) were thrown into disarray. Money Supply During the Bush Administration, the supply of money increased, but with some fluctuations. For instance, the total value of the United States currency, traveler’s checks, demand deposits and other checkable deposits rose from $1087. 4 billion to a high of $1473. 1 billion in October 2008 (GPO Access). The high supply of money does not imply that the United States economy improved in the period of eight years. Rather, it is an indication the value of the United States dollar could have depreciated (Crutsinger and Aversa). Thus, the large sums of money released to fund the war in Iraq in 2003 did not add any impetus to the United States economy (Crutsinger and Aversa). Instead, the economy became vulnerable with reference to a weak dollar against other world currencies. In spite of the increase in the sum of currency, there was an increase in debt of domestic nonfinancial sectors from $18,183. 6 billion in 2000 to $32,436. 5 billion in 2006 . This means that nonfinancial institutions increasingly had to borrow during the era of George W. Bush. It therefore no wonder that the United States was crippled by a great financial crisis only comparable to the Great Depression towards the end of Bush’s reign, the overriding factor being that the United States government had spent so much money on defense and war in Iraq and Afghanistan at the expense of internal development. Foreign Exchange As mentioned above, there was a significantly high supply of money in the United States, which characteristically led to depreciation of the United States dollar. In addition, the period was characterized by a high rate of inflation, implying that considerably larger sums of money would be used in buying commodities that would have been bought inexpensively in the earlier period (Atkinson and Hutto). On the international scale, the high cost of United States commodities meant that importers had to pay lots of money to acquire the goods, which ultimately lowered the level of international trade between the United States and other countries (Table 3). Consequently, the United States dollar fluctuated against other world currencies such as the Japanese yen, the Sterling Pound, Chinese yuan and the Australian dollar (Atkinson and Hutto). For instance, the Sterling Pound exchanged at between $1. 9548 and $2. 0442 in 2007 (Table 3), which was a very large variation. The strong dollar against the yen between 2001 and 2002, which was the beginning of the Bush administration, discouraged importation by Japan from the United States (Atkinson and Hutto). At the same time, citizens of the United States opted to import valuable items such as automobiles at the expense of the locally manufactured ones, thus putting the United States automobile industry in the quagmire in which it is today (OECD). The consequence of this is that major competitors such as the Japanese automakers have adversely affected local automakers such as Ford, and the whole industry has been earmarked for revival in the Economic Stimulus Package (OECD). Interest rates Government bond yields and interest rates generally declined between 2000 and 2008. For instance, the value of bills at auction declined steadily from $ 5. 85 to $1. 01 in 2003, but steadily rose from $1. 38 to $4. 73 in 2006 (GPO Access). The low price of bonds meant that banks were in a position to purchase more government bonds, thus diverting their attention from other financial service users such as borrowers (Crutsinger and Aversa). Ultimately, banks were forced to impose high interest rates on the loans they offered to the public, implying that most small business holders and individuals were crippled by a massive credit crunch (Crutsinger and Aversa). The ensuing credit crunch adversely affected the United States economy particularly towards the ends of the end of the Bush administration (Crutsinger and Aversa). Banks were most affected by the financial woes and this necessitated the Bush administration to consider taking ownership of various banks in a bid to protect them from collapsing (Crutsinger and Aversa). This move was however also ill planned, as it would result in unnecessary government expenditure, resulting into higher inflation in the United States (Hanke). In addition, there was no assurance that with the government’s acquisition of the banks, their performance would improve (Hanke). Conclusion Even though the world witnessed a massive economic recession, the woes in the United States stemmed from the fact that the Bush administration spent excessively on the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which generally weakened the performance of most local institutions. The underperformance in various sectors was shown in high rates of unemployment, high inflation, fluctuating levels of money supply and foreign exchange rates as well as high bank interest rates. The combined effect of the various phenomena led to a crisis in the entire United States economy, thus making the Bush administration one of the worst leaderships of the United States. References Atkinson Robert D and Julie Hutto 18October 2004. Bush vs. Clinton: An Economic Performance Index. 10 March 2009. http://www. ppionline. org/ppi_ci. cfm? knlgAreaID=107subsecID=295contentID=252964 Crutsinger, Martin and Aversa, Jeannine 8 October 2008. Bush administration mulls bank stakes. 10 March 2009. http://www. freep. com/article/20081008/BUSINESS07/81008120/1015/BUSINESS02/Bush+administration+mulls+bank+stakes Curl, Joseph. 23 Oct. 2008 McCain lambastes Bush years. 10 March 2009. http://www. washingtontimes. com/news/2008/oct/23/mccain-lambastes-bush-years/ GPO Access . Civilian unemployment rate. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B42. xls GPO Access . Money stock and debt measures, 1965–2008. 10 March 2009 http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B69. xls GPO Access. Bond yields and interest rates, 1929–2008. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B73. xls GPO Access. Changes in consumer price indexes for commodities and services, 1929–2007. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B64. xls GPO Access. Foreign exchange rates, 1985–2008. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B110. xls. Hanke, Steve H. September 24, 2008 The Bush Legacy: Deflation or Inflation? 10 March 2009. http://www. cato. org/pub_display. php? pub_id=9663 Irwin, Neil and Eggen, Dan. 12 Jan. 2009. The Washington Post. Economy Made Few Gains in Bush Years: Eight-Year Period Is Weakest in Decades. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/12/ST2009011200359. html National Organization for Women. 27 August 2004. Bushs Economic Failure Weakens Middle Class, Deepens Poverty and Harms Women and Families. 10 March 2009. http://www. now. org/press/08-04/08-27. html OECD. Macroeconomic indicators. 10 March 2009. http://stats. oecd. org/mei/default. asp? lang=esubject=15country=USA Robinson, Woodward, Gellman. Timeline: Bushs Eight Years in Office. 10 March 2009. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/bush/legacy/timeline Shi, Leiyu and Stevens Gregory D. Vulnerable Populations in the United States. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2004 The High Cost of Health Care. 25 November 2007. The New York Times. 10 March 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/11/25/opinion/25sun1. html? _r=1 United states Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. 10 March 2009 http://www. bls. gov/

Compare And Contrast Theory With Practice

Compare And Contrast Theory With Practice Case management is the process of helping patients with lives that are not productive or satisfactory as a result of a number of problems among them drug and substance abuse. Case management in social work is whereby a social worker professionally assesses the needs of the client and their respective families (Ballew Mink 1997). The social worker then coordinates, monitors, evaluates, arranges and advocates an effective service package to meet the clients or patients needs. Case management differs from managed care whereby the former is designed to obtain the most appropriate and perhaps best treatment for patients while the latter is designed to avoid hospitalization or initiate shorter hospital stays thereby reducing costs incurred. Case managers professional credentials will comprise broadly of the following: A masters graduate accredited by the council on social work education Have a current state or national social work certificate or license At least two years work experience at the masters level relating to bio-psych social needs Practicing in line with federal and state regulations and laws An adherent to the social work code of ethics (National Association of Social Workers NASW) Case management constitutes psychological and clinical components. As a pre- requisite therefore, a case manager should be able to address a variety of matters some of which may include: Crisis intervention: where the patients state or situation signifies a crisis needing urgent attention Resource brokerage: This involves marshalling of the necessary resources to commence treatment. Teamwork collaboration: The bringing together of all the stakeholders involved in the treatment plan Client / family education: Provision of all the necessary information and education related to the condition and treatment procedure. Client / family advocacy: Advocate for patient or client where society or family puts forth a set of demands (Halley, Kopp Austin 1997) Psychological assessment and diagnostic procedures Results and evaluation: Interpretation of patient assessment results. Client / family counseling: Initiate patient / family counseling sessions. Most importantly the case manager initiates a team oriented approach to case management. Generally case management procedures offered by organizations are effected based on a screening procedure outcome. This screening criteria will pinpoint all collaborative services through coordination of high quality care services. The coordination is meant to reduce any service fragmentation. The ultimate goal of this process would be to identify patients: With costly illness or injury With terminal condition With chronic illness or illness in an acute stage The coordination of the case services during screening is aimed at enhancing the quality of life and appropriate usage of health care resources. Client screening should cover the following aspects: Financial Environmental Physical Psychological Cultural / spiritual Vocational Client psychological screening is achieved through an assessment process which may include among other components: Patients personal data Patients health status and age Patients emotional and financial status Patients vocational and functional status including spirituality Cognitive functioning focusing on the client The case management process exploits a number of intervention options. The case manager assists clients / patients and family members to establish a suitable treatment plan. The plan pinpoints the patients strengths and supportive systems. These are employed during the implementation. Alternatively the case manager may monitor a patient from community to an inpatient facility and back to the community setting. The manager then adapts a treatment plan suited to the patients needs in each of the set ups. Collaboration as an option can also be used where the case manager collaboratively and collectively involves the patients family and others concerning the implementation of the treatment plan. The parties are continuously updated about the progress, goals, obstacles and any variations to the initial treatment plan. The Patrician movement most likely adopts this kind of approach or practice based on the fact that this movement considers the family as a basic societal unit that can be directly involved in the treatment and prevention of substance and drug abuse (The Patrician Movement 2010). An important aspect concerning any process is the documentation process. In the case management process the manager develops suitable case management plans which are documented in the patients record. These documentation should be accessible by all relevant and authorized team involved in the treatment plan of the patient in question. The documentation contains vital information based on the current or proposed treatment plan. Accordingly all medical documentation should be kept confidential and treated as so. The case management process must have an established measurement of outcomes. The plans outcome indicators should include observed and measured goals for every problem, the progress being periodically measured by the case manager along with the supportive team. The measurement indicators will include: Resolution of the problem: This will include the patient care plans connoting the percentages met, partially met or not yet met. The patients level of dedication to treatment estimated by measuring the attendance frequencies for the assigned treatment sessions. A decrease in procedures and treatments that was unplanned for. Service costs, reconciled service levels and utilization of resources The patients or clients satisfaction which can be derived by the use of tools such as questionnaires the likes of DUKE, Darmouth Co-op or SF- 36. Levels of patient satisfaction can also be demonstrated through contract renewal by the client usually an indicator of insurance company satisfaction. The patrician movement was founded at St Patrick Parish on the Eastern side of San Antonio in Texas in the late 1950s as a church based drug and substance abuse prevention and treatment facility. Initially founded as a haven from multi racial violence within the neighborhood, patrician movement founders realized the need to address the substance abuse that was clearly evident among the various gang members who came to seek shelter at the parish. The movement has largely evolved into a fully fledged facility today offering prevention and treatment services from a holistic point of view (The Patrician Movement 2010). The treatment program is largely inclined on a self assessment journey making every case unique in its own sense. The core concept embraced by the patrician movement points to the fact that each individual is unique and has a right to develop maximum potential. The family is emphasized as the basic unit of society and education as paramount for human development and treatm ent. The prevention and treatment services at the patrician movement are somewhat unique. This is due to the fact that prevention and treatment process are family oriented and managed. Case managers are basically from within the community and a conservative approach to rehabilitation process is followed. Among the case managers are those with special skills, others are former clients of the patrician movement whereas some are family members (Ballew Mink 1997) The patrician movement is concerned with the whole person and serves the San Antonio population basically. However the entire Texas state also benefits from the services of this movement. This movement having started at community level and as a community initiative is thus strongly San Antonio based. While involving the family in case management; patrician movement is helping to build stronger rehabilitation programs with effective accountability and follow up. The age bracket covered by the services offered at Patrician movement ranging from 18 to 65 years ensures a wider population is catered for. Patrician movement runs a brief strategic family therapy (BSFT) to cater for youngsters exhibiting early substance abuse and delinquency. By focusing on the family as a base of contact and rehabilitation Patrician movement ensures full community involvement in the programs thereby making them quite effective. Established in a mixed race society, Patrician movement cross racial approach to treatment and prevention continues to elicit community support from people of mixed race. Posted statistics are indicative of the fact that as at 2003 over 2500 families had been served with over 2200 adults as well. Proportionally this implies almost one adult per family. This means drug and substance abuse rate in San Antonio is high. A perusal of the testimonials from the Patrician movement website indicates a community full of gratitude to the services offered at the movement. The GED diploma program is among the unique service offered at Patrician movement meant to empower the population intellectually. By focusing on the whole person the Patrician movement boasts a higher level of success in rehabilitation unlike the common approaches that will mainly focus on the resolution of the problem. In developing and involving the family and therefore the community as a fundamental part of the rehabilitation process, Patrician movement is ensuring lower chances of relapse due to the fact that all other underlying factors are looked at and addressed. Due to the fact that the San Antonio population is mixed race, the Patrician movement believes in intellectually empowering the community as part of its prevention and treatment strategy. The administration of GED program ensures that those without the basic intellectual skills are equipped and in so doing the general public is able to receive and act on general public information without misinterpretation or misunderstanding.

Theme Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Theme Analysis of Fahrenheit 451    The theme of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 can be viewed from several different angles.   First and foremost, Bradbury's novel gives an anti-censorship message.   Bradbury understood censorship to be a natural outcropping of an overly tolerant society.   Once one group objects to something someone has written, that book is modified and censorship begins. Soon, another minority group objects to something else in the book, and it is again edited until eventually the book is banned altogether.   In Bradbury's novel, society has evolved to such an extreme that all literature is illegal to possess.   No longer can books be read, not only because they might offend someone, but because books raise questions that often lead to revolutions and even anarchy.   The intellectual thinking that arises from reading books can often be dangerous, and the government doesn't want to put up with this danger.   Yet this philosophy, according to Bradbury, completely ignores the benefits of k nowledge.   Yes, knowledge can cause disharmony, but in many ways, knowledge of the past, which is recorded in books, can prevent man from making similar mistakes in the present and future.    The society envisioned by Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 is often compared to Huxley's Brave New World.   Though both works definitely have an anti-government theme, this is not the core idea of Bradbury's novel.   As Beatty explains in part one, government control of people's lives was not a conspiracy of dictators or tyrants, but a consensus of everyday people. People are weak-minded; they don't want to think for themselves and solve the troubling problems of the world.   It is far easier to live a life of seclusion and illusion-a life where the television is reality.   Yet more importantly, Fahrenheit 451 is an anti-apathy and anti-dependence and anti-television message.   People in the novel are afraid-afraid of themselves.   They fear the thought of knowing, which leads them to depend of others (government) to think for them.   Since they aren't thinking, they need something to occupy their time.   This is where television comes in.   A whole host of problems arise from television: violence, depression and even suicide.